THE 100 MOST INFLUENTIAL WORLD LEADERS OF ALL TIME

7 Joan of Arc 7 death unless she took back her claims. She hesitantly signed a statement indicating that she recanted, but many ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 Christ represents God’s forgiving mercy; and that the soul, free from the ...

7 Martin Luther 7 the bull of formal excommunication (Decet Romanum Pontificem), although it was several months before the conde ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 Henry VIII (b. June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Eng.—d. Jan. 28, 15 ...

7 Henry VIII 7 in 1516) survived. He wished to marry Anne Boleyn, a lady of the court, but Pope Clement VII denied him the neces ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 More, refusing to accept the new order, were killed, and the king’s earli ...

7 Henry VIII 7 In 1542 hostilities ensued between the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of France. Henry joined the emperor; the S ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 his death in 1553, Elizabeth’s life was in peril. Edward, who had been ra ...

7 Elizabeth I 7 second Edwardian prayer book as the official order of wor- ship. Although she restored the Protestant service, s ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 doubts that drove her councillors to despair, she agreed first to provide ...

7 Tokugawa Ieyasu 7 Tokugawa Ieyasu (b. Jan. 31, 1543, Okazaki, Japan—d. June 1, 1616, Sumpu) T okugawa Ieyasu was the founder o ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 moved to assume Nobunaga’s preeminent political posi- tion. Ieyasu, then ...

7 Tokugawa Ieyasu 7 some 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Kyōto, and Ieyasu was victorious. This triumph left Ieyasu the undisputed ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 Oliver Cromwell, painting by Robert Walker, in the National Portrait Gall ...

7 Oliver Cromwell 7 as lord protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 to 1658 during the Commonwealth. Cromwell’s fa ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 name “Ironsides” to Cromwell’s troops. As the civil war dragged on, Cromw ...

7 Oliver Cromwell 7 acknowledged its new king. The campaign proved diffi- cult, but he defeated the Scots with an army inferior ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 not to alter its basic character. Except for 100 convinced republicans, t ...

7 Louis XIV 7 Louis XIV and His Family, oil painting by Nicolas de Largillière, 1711; in the Wallace Collection, London. Reprodu ...

7 The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time 7 40 years, Louis lured them to his court, corrupted them with gambling, an ...