66 Asia The Economist October 30th 2021
The snub does not extend to inviting
the governmentinexile that carries the
mantle of the ousted, democratic one. It is
not clear that even the countries in asean
most critical of the coup—namely Indone
sia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singa
pore—wanted to go that far. Yet doing
nothing about Myanmar, as Teodoro Loc
sin, the Philippine foreign secretary, put it,
would mean “our credibility as a real re
gional organisation disappears.” It would
only highlight how aseanis “a bunch of
guys who always agree with each other on
worthless things”.
Though some critics of aseaninsist the
snub still has mainly symbolic effect, Mr
Connelly argues otherwise. A failure to act
would have “greatly diminished aseanin
the eyes of diplomats around the world
and, perhaps more importantly, its own
people”, he says. What is more, despite
Myanmar’s protestations a consensus was
reached among the remaining members,
one which pulled more authoritarian
countries such as Thailand (itself run by a
coup leader), Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam
closer to the more critical position shared
by the rest of the region. That, in turn, has
helped narrow an alarming gap that had
grown over Myanmar between an over
complaisant asean and other countries
around the world—in June only Belarus
opposed a unresolution containing much
stronger language over Myanmar than
aseanhad managed. With the disbarring
of General Min Aung Hlaing, aseanhas
averted international irrelevance.
Bland man’s bluff
A desire for relevance has everything to do
with the second hallowed plank of dogma,
asean“centrality”. This is jargon for asean
being the first port of call for issues that af
fect SouthEast Asia. Though the word has
mainly totemic value, getting outside pow
ers constantly to recognise asean’s cen
trality obliges them to acknowledge its in
terests. Chief among these is keeping great
powers at bay, either to prevent their med
dling in the region or to avoid their rival
ries playing out there. That was a founding
tenet in 1967 of asean’s original members,
who intended it as a bulwark against Soviet
influence at the height of the Vietnam war.
Until recently, centrality seemed to
work. It also helped confer convening
power on aseanover a plethora of sum
mits in which the group brings together
world and regional leaders—this week
President Joe Biden of America, plus Na
rendra Modi and Li Keqiang, prime minis
ters of India and China, joined asean’s an
nual East Asia Summit by video link. It is
true that form often trumps substance at
these talkingshops. But they are just about
the only ones going in a region notably
short of institutions. And they have helped
aseanto punch above its weight.
Yet greatpower rivalry is playing out in
SouthEast Asia once again, this time be
tween America and China. Centrality has
not prevented China from expanding its
presence deep into the South China Sea,
encroaching on the waters of its asean
neighbours. Nor, more recently, has it held
America back from seeking to balance
against China’s military buildup through
“minilateral” alliances such as the Quad, a
grouping with Australia, India and Japan,
and aukus, which, with Britain, will sup
ply Australia with nuclearpowered sub
marines with the range to patrol South
East Asian waters. Though they make to
ken avowals of aseancentrality, neither
China nor America seeks the group’s per
mission in these matters. The limits of
centrality, then, are being laid bare.
Some asean diplomats, broadly ap
proving of a robust American presence in
SouthEast Asia, argue that the dogma of
centrality no longer serves SouthEast
Asian interests in an era when China’s ris
ing military power needs to be countered.
The foreignpolicy establishments of Sin
gapore, the Philippines and Vietnam have
generally welcomed aukusas helping to
restore a regional balance of power. Thai
land, a treaty ally of America’s but close to
China, is tonguetied. Perhaps out of alarm
that China might be offended by aukus,
the new prime ministerofMalaysia,Ismail
Sabri Yaakob, reverted to shibboleths
about SouthEast Asia being a“zone of
peace,freedomandneutrality”or,inthe
region’spathologicalinclinationforacro
nyms,zopfan. Morehardnosedpolicy
makersinMalaysiadescribetheirpolitical
masters’ backtothepast utterances on
thesubjectas“clueless”.
Ifaseanistoremaincentralinmore
thanrhetoricalterms,a Singaporeanstrat
egistargues,it hastobecleareraboutwhat
itispreparedandnotpreparedtodowith
America—and withChina. That will re
quirea newconsensusoncentrality,one
thatwillprovemuchhardertoreachthan
thenewoneonMyanmar.asean’s existen
tialmomentisarriving.n
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE
VIETNAM
CAM.
MYANMAR
INDONESIA
INDIA CHINA JAPAN
AUSTRALIA
MAL
AYSIA
South
China
Sea
INDIAN
OCEAN
PACI F I C
THAILAND OCEAN
LAOS
PHILIPPINES
ASEAN members 1,000 km
CivilwarinMyanmar
In for the long haul
T
he boys from Pale should be dead by
now. Armed with little more than
homemade rifles, in June the group of
some 2,000 fighters, most of them farmers
unversed in war, began attacking soldiers
in their rural township in Sagaing state, in
northwest Myanmar. The army they were
up against, known as the Tatmadaw, last
seized power in a coup in February but has
been fighting rebels for the past 70 years. It
deployed its usual tactics to crush the
uprising in Pale. Soldiers looted homes,
raped women and set a village on fire, ac
cording to Bo Nagar, the rebels’ command
er. Yet the militia claims to have ejected the
army almost entirely from Pale, killing 400
troops in the process and losing just five of
their own. Tatmadaw soldiers “are like
walking dead”, says Mr Nagar. “I think they
are not willing to fight this war.”
Such claims are surely exaggerated. But
Mr Nagar’s swagger contains a kernel of
truth. Fighters resisting the Burmese army
have fared far better than many analysts
predicted. Since the coup some 250 rebel
groups have emerged, ranging from small
urban underground cells to militias com
prising thousands. Anthony Davis of Janes,
a defenceintelligence firm, counts around
50 that conduct “sustained operations”.
These forces clash with army units, as
sassinate lowlevel junta officials, and
bomb strategic routes, army bases and in
frastructure. At least 120 telecom towers
partly owned by a military conglomerate
have been destroyed over the past two
months. Guerrillas are increasingly target
ing bridges and railways, presumably to
obstruct the flow of army troops and sup
plies around the country.
The resistance enjoys several advantag
es. “Revolutionary fervour”, as Mr Davis
puts it, has inspired thousands of Burmese
to take up arms. Doing so during the rainy
season, when the army cannot conduct big
operations, has bought the militias time to
forge informal alliances with experienced
ethnicminority rebels (some are even go
ing into battle together). It also helps that
the top brass did not expect widespread op
position, least of all in the Burmese heart
lands. The region is home to the ethnic
majority Bamar, from which the Tatmadaw
draws most recruits. The army has not
fought there in decades, if ever. Soldiers do
not know the terrain, and being told to kill
their own saps morale. And their infor
mants are being assassinated.
Rebels fighting the military junta are
doing better than expected