Tissue from hair, nails, bone, and organs can reveal nutritional deficits
or excess chemical elements.
Urinalysis can reveal excess glucose or other electrolytes, as well as pro-
tein loss from renal damage that could indicate a risk for protein deficit.
An economic assessment could indicate a financial deficit that limits ability
to buy food, indicating a need for assistance from social services.Family History and Review of Systems
Questions about family history include items such as whether certain diseases/
conditions run in the family, the age and cause of death for blood relatives
(to detect possible genetic conditions), and family members with communi-
cable diseases (to detect possible infection or infestation).Family Assessment
Family assessment is a most important aspect of the history because the emo-
tional and physical health of the child or adolescent depends on the stability of
the family structure and function. There are various definitions for the term
family,which broadly means one or more adults living with one or more
children in a parent–child relationship. Family also refers to those individuals
who are important to the core or nuclear group. Family assessment involves
exploration of family structure and composition as well as member relationships,
characteristics, interactions, and dynamics. If the child is experiencing a major
stressor, such as parental divorce, chronic illness, or death of a family member,
or an issue such as behavioral or physical problems, or developmental delays
that suggest family dysfunction, they are noted and an in-depth family assessment
is indicated. In performing this assessment, consider the following:Structure
The number and composition of family members can determine the
amount of support available to the child/adolescent during the health
challenge.
Questions should be open enough to encompass various family struc-
tures, such as “What are the names of the child’s parent(s)?” instead of
“Where is your husband or wife?”
Inquire about all persons living in the household, or households in which
the child resides at any time, and their relationships to the child and fam-
ily to provide a full picture of the family structure or multiple family
structure the child is exposed to.
Ask about extended family and additional support such as from friends
or church members, to determine the extent of resources available to the
child and family.
Inquire about family illness or deaths, previous separations, or divorces
and the child’s response to these events to determine use of previous
coping skills.3(^36) Pediatric Nursing Demystified