46 Asia The Economist November 13th 2021
I
n the ancientChinese game of weiqi,
better known in the West as Go, the
objective is not to knock out your oppo
nent. Taking turns to add one stone at a
time to the board’s 361 spaces, what play
ers firstly seek is to build the largest,
strongest structures, and only secondly
to weaken and stifle enemy ones. Better
players shun contact, preferring to parry
threats with counterthreats. Such un
resolved challenges multiply, the ad
vantage shifting to whoever poses the
sharpest ones. Only when more stones
than empty spaces fill the board can
resolution of these tactical matters no
longer be avoided.
The contest between China and India
has unfolded in similar fashion. The two
have lately engaged in sabrerattling and
namecalling. But such tension has been
rare during their sevendecade rivalry as
modern nations. As in a game of weiqi, so
long as India and China were focused on
building their own core structures, each
largely ignored the other.
Far from their crowded coasts and
plains, the Asian giants’ 3,500kmlong
border region remained an empty sec
tion of the board. It contained not people
or resources but the world’s coldest,
driest deserts and its highest mountains.
India and China maintained overlapping
claims, and their forces sometimes
clashed, as in a brief war in 1962. But they
both also judged that there was not
enough at stake to fight a big war over. So
territorial limits continued to be defined
in many areas by a “Line of Actual Con
trol” rather than an internationally re
cognised boundary. By mutual agree
ment their border patrols went lightly
armed. They mostly avoided contact.
As a democracy bound by rules, India
has repeatedly sought to end the ambigu
ity by negotiating a permanent border.
But perhaps because its strategists are
steeped in the culture of weiqi, China has
repeatedly rebuffed such efforts. For a
player building formidable structures
across the rest of the board, why foreclose
on potential pressure points? Better to
leave them open for use in the future,
when you have more leverage and your
opponent has more reason to fear you.
Under President Xi Jinping, China
appears to have decided that this future is
now. At several strategic spots along the
border in the spring of 2020, Chinese
troops marched into longestablished
patches of noman’sland, setting up
permanent forward positions. When India
sent in soldiers to challenge the intru
sions, fisticuffs ensued. One clash left
some 20 Indians and at least four Chinese
dead. China has since refused any return
to the status quo ante. This leaves it in
control of lands India regarded as its own
and, more seriously, in control of vantage
points from which to threaten crucial
roads and other Indian infrastructure.
From a weiqiperspective China’s bold
ness is understandable. In the 1980s its
economy was roughly equal to India’s. It
is now five times bigger, and churns out
evermore sophisticated weaponry while
India relies on imports. China’s infra
structure has expanded towards its peri
pheries at a speed India has been unable
to match.
As seen from Beijing, China’s south
ern neighbour looks weak in other ways.
Its democracy is messy and inefficient.
Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister,
looks like a puffedup bluffer. And even
as China extends strength by tightening
its alliance with India’s archenemy
Pakistan, Mr Modi dithers. In his dream
of a Hindu golden age India needs no
allies, only weaker satellites or rich
friends. Despite fanfare over defence
agreements with America or Japan or
Australia, these remain largely notional.
India’s army has little functional inter
operability with any other.
In short, as the board fills up and one
player emerges dominant, there should
be no surprise for it to push the advan
tage. But China has not yet won. Even if
his opponent is erratic, the global game
board may prove wider, and India may
turn out to have betterplaced assets than
Mr Xi realises.
Despite Mr Modi’s failings India
retains a big reserve of goodwill as a
democracy and a decent global citizen; it
would gain fast allies if it really tried to
win them. India’s core strength may run
deeper, too. Its relative smallness is
deceptive: the eastern third of China,
where 95% of Chinese actually live, is no
bigger than India. As China’s economy
matures, India’s remains packed with
upward potential. Besides, unlike a game
of weiqithis contest between two great
and ancient nations will never simply
stop. It will keep on going long after Mr
Xi and Mr Modi finish playing.
How the game of Go explains China’s aggression towards India
Banyan The great board game
no ill will towards Ms Suu Kyi.
Thet Thet Khine, the welfare minister,
is a former lawmaker from Ms Suu Kyi’s
National League for Democracy (nld). She
bears “hatred” for Ms Suu Kyi, a former
friend says, because she was made to feel
unwelcome by Ms Suu Kyi and the nld ov
er her past leadership of the country’s top
business lobby, which engaged with previ
ous military regimes. The party dismissed
her in 2018, whereupon Ms Thet Thet
Khine became one of Ms Suu Kyi’s most vo
cal critics, branding her a “control freak”.
(Ms Thet Thet Khine denies that she hates
Ms Suu Kyi but says she’s not a “huge fan”.)
The turncoats also claim to believe that
the junta can do some good. The army jus
tified the coup by claiming that the nld
stole the election in 2020, even though ob
servers found no evidence of widespread
fraud. Ms Thet Thet Khine says that she
“witnessed personally that nldcheated”.
Days after the coup she justified working
with the generals by arguing that the oust
ed government “did undemocratic things”,
whereas the army “is doing democratic
acts” by taking charge until it can hold a
fair election. For his part, Mr Aung Naing
Oo may have calculated that he could bring
about more change from within govern
ment than outside.
The flaw in that argument is that the re
gime focuses not on good government, but
on violently quelling resistance to its rule.
It has killed more than 1,200 civilians so
far, according to a local watchdog. The
names of reformers like Mr Aung Naing Oo
are now “manure”, says Mr Ye Salween. If
they thought siding with the army would
ensure their safety,they may be thinking
again. Lowlevelofficials are assassinated
almost every day.n