Index 287biological processes 161–70
element chemistry 142–5
freshwater sources 141
groundwater contamination 174–80
heavy metal contamination 170–4
storage in polar ice-caps 141
water chemistry and weathering regimes 145–55
coral reefs 201
affected by increase in suspended sediment 233
corals
affected by decreased seawater pH 261
indirect record of lead in seawater 225–6, 226
covalent bonds 17, 19–20
in organic molecules 23, 24
creosote contamination 135–7, 138
Dalton’s law of partial pressure 34–5, 34
dams
affect nutrient transport 169–70
Hoover Dam 149
reduce sediment input to oceans 233
Danube, River, fall in DSi concentration after damming
169–70
DDT 10, 10 , 274, 276
bioaccumulation and biomagnification 277
decalcification 113
Dechloromonas aromatica 174
decomposition
of organic matter 161, 187, 188
of reduced materials 77, 78
and release of ammonium (NH 4 ) 221
see alsorespiration/decomposition
deflocculation 113
deforestation 233
degassing
of CO 2 from groundwater 83
of DMS to the atmosphere 265, 273
of hydrogen chloride (HCl) from the mantle 191
of volatile elements 5
of water vapour from the mantle 6, 7
delocalization, of negative charges 81 , 82
delta (delta) notation 269
denitrification 103 , 162, 168, 188
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 8
depolymerization 100 , 102
detoxification 128
diagenesis 66
diatoms 235
DIC seedissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
diesel engines, and particulate production 52–3, 55–6
dimethyl sulphide (DMS)
degasses into the atmosphere 265, 273
oxidized by free radicals 265
produced by marine phytoplankton 42, 263, 268–9,
273, 273
dimethyl sulphide–cloud condensation nuclei–climate
cycle 273–4, 273
feedback loop not supported by ice cores 274, 275
dimethylmercury 172
dioxin compounds, potential treatment with clay catalysts
126
DIP seedissolved organic phosphorus (DIP)
dipoles 69 , 122
dissociation 26, 77, 79, 81–3
acids and bases 40
of calcium carbonate 260
and pH 49 , 82–3, 112, 151–2
of water molecules 69
dissociation constants 81
dissolution
chemical weathering 77
implied in chemical equations 21
dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and pH of natural
waters 152, 153
dissolved organic phosphorus (DIP) 168, 218
relationship with chlorophyll levels 165–6, 166
in rivers 165–6, 165
dissolved silicon (DSi), removed by algal (diatom) blooms
169
DMS seedimethyl sulphide (DMS)
DNA seedeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
double-chain silicates 74, 75 , 76
DSi seedissolved silicon (DSi)
dust, wind-blown 39, 53
fluxes to oceans during last ice age 229
increase in sulphur-containing particles 263
source of iron to the open ocean 227
Earth
emission spectrum, CO 2 absorption band 258
major reservoirs, relative sizes 31, 32
oceanic crust, formation of 4
origin and evolution 2–9
accretion and heating 2, 3 , 4
formation of crust and atmosphere 4–5
the hydrosphere 5–8
origin of life and evolution of the atmosphere 8–9
present crust, chemical composition 4, 6
younger sedimentary rocks 86
Eh (redox potential) 78 , 164 –5
Eh-pH diagrams164 –5
El Niño events 252 , 254
‘electrical double layer’ 183, 184
electrode potentials 98
and redox half-reactions 78
electrolytes 183, 184
electron acceptors 78 , 102–3, 162
electron transfers, in oxidation and reduction 78
electronegativity 69 , 74
electrons 3
core electrons 15
occupying orbitals 15
valence electrons 15
element chemistry, of freshwaters 142–5
elements
atoms and isotopes 3
with conservative behaviour 218
cosmic abundance 2, 4
essential and non-essential 171
highly particle-reactive, oceanic profiles 223–4,
225
major, in Earth’s crust 6