288 Index
elements (cont.)
order in 14 –19
classified as metals, semi-metals and non-metallic 18
the Periodic Table 15, 17
radioactive 27–9
eluviation 113
Emiliana huxleyi 204
enantiomers 278, 280–1, 279
alpha-HCH 279
entrapment 121, 124
net result of 121–4, 123
environmental chemistry 1–2
global-scale 239–40
international legislation 63, 261
environmental contamination, use of clay catalysts in
clean up of126–7
equilibrium constant 36, 37
estuaries
efficiency as sediment traps 182–3, 188
microbiological activity in 187–9
tidal (reversing) flows 182
conservative and non-conservative mixing 185, 185
estuarine processes 182–9
aggregation of colloidal material 183–4
halmyrolysis and ion exchange 186
microbiological activity 187–9
mixing processes 184–5, 227
ethane 24, 24
ethene 24, 24
ether 25
euphotic zone 216, 217 , 221
Europe, yearly averaged pH of rain 268 , 269
eutrophication, and nutrients 163–70
evaporation
and CaCO 3 precipitation 148
concentrates ions in riverwater 147–8
effects of
Lake Mead/Colorado River 149
Salton Sea 149–51
evaporites 190 , 194–5
episodic distribution in the geological record 195
few areas of accumulation today 195
large Miocene deposits 191
precipitation sequence 190 , 194–5
Exxon Valdez oil spill 131–3
feldspars 94, 97 , 151
weather to form clay minerals 104–5
involvement of fulvic acid 104
ferralsols 105, 106 , 107
fertilizers, leaching of N and P from 163–5
Finnish sawmills, ex situon-site bioremediation by
composting 133–4
use of biopiles 134
fish, mercury-contaminated cause mercury poisoning
172, 174
flocculation 113, 183
forest fires
emissions from 31
pollutants moved into populated areas 53
source of atmospheric particulate 41, 41
forest soils, sandy seespodosols (podzols)
forests, gas exchange with the atmosphere 41
forsterite 73
acid hydrolysis of 83
fossil fuel burning, and other industrial activities
atmospheric CO 2 from 242, 243, 247–50, 251 , 252
flux to the atmosphere 253 , 255
pollutant carbon compounds 46
and production of SO 2 265, 266
recent drop in emissions 250
record from Mauna Loa 250, 252
fossil fuels
a carbon reservoir 253
contaminants and air pollution 46–7
petroleum-derived, and air pollution 48–51
sulphur emissions 263
see alsofuel combustion
framework silicates 76, 104
freshwaters
acidification
controls on 147 , 156
upland, effects of 156
discriminating between rainwater and weathering
sources 147
dissolved ion composition 145–6, 145
element chemistry of 142–5
influence of evaporation on 147–51, 148
major ion composition cf. seawater 183
polar nature of and dissociation 69
fuel combustion 46–7
fulvic acids 104, 115, 116
functional groups 26–7, 115–16, 120
Gaia hypothesis/theory 9
gamma radiation 28
gas solubility 43
Gibbs free energy 98
gibbsite 87, 109, 110
gibbsitic clay mineralogies 108, 109
glacial–interglacial oscillations, effects on ocean ion
removal processes 193
gley horizons 117–19, 118
dependent on water table height 117, 118
geochemical recycling of iron species 118–19, 118
gleysols 117
global change 239–82
global warming, effects of 257–60
Globigerinoides sacculifer 204
glucose 26–7, 100 , 101–2
goethite 159
gold (Au), mercury contamination from mining processes
170–4
granodiorite
feldspars weather to form clay minerals 104, 108,
112
solid products of weathering 94, 96 , 97
gravitational settling, upper atmosphere 33–4
Great Lakes study, evidence for re-emission of POPs
278, 279
Great Ouse River
diatom blooms 169