292 Index
oceans (cont.)
estuarine processes 182–9
human effects on total minor budget element 235–7
increase in sulphur from river runoff 264 , 265
major ion chemistry of seawater 189, 190–1
ion inputs into 192, 193
microorganisms a source of atmospheric trace gases 42
open-ocean salinities 185
pH through history 205
role of iron as a nutrient 227–9
can become the limiting nutrient 229
distribution of dissolved iron is nutrient-like 227, 228
external source for open oceans 227
source and sink for atmospheric CO 2 246–9
OCS seecarbonyl sulphide (OCS)
OH radical seehydroxyl (OH) radical
Onyx River, Antarctica
low-ionic-strength, sea-salt-dominated river 147, 160,
160
major ion composition 150
ooids202–3
oozes 201, 204 , 205
controls on distribution 201
opaline silica (opal) 205–6
formed from skeletal material 105, 206
preserved in rapidly accumulating sediments 205–6
organic compounds
exotic, manufacture/use of many discontinued 278
halogenated 43
hydrocarbons 23–5, 24
most are hydrophobic 122
trace, emitted by forests 41
organic contaminants
ageing process 121–4
changes in toxicity and mobility 130
compounds with carbon skeletons 119–20
degradation
from biological and abiological mechanisms 121
in soils 125, 128–9, 129
fate of 120–5, 122–3
interactions, nature and extent 121–5
in soils 119–25
see alsopersistent organic pollutants (POPs)
organic matter 99
bacterial reactions during microbial respiration 103,
103
in the biosphere 18 , 19
decomposition 161, 187, 188
in marsh and wetland environments 188–9
oxidation of in soils 79, 80 , 83
representation in simple equations 26–7
soil microorganisms in degradation of 103–4
soil organic matter, high CEC 112
organic molecules
double bonds attacked by O 356
structure and chemistry 23–7
structures of 120, 121
organisms
bacterial reactions during microbial respiration 103,
103
influence on weathering 99, 102–4
phytophagous and sacrophagous 99
and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 99,
102
organosulphides 42
orogenesis 66
orthoclase 76
oxalic acid 53
oxidation 77–83
of DMS in the atmosphere 265
in fuel combustion 46
of hydrocarbons 51
of non-metallic elements 57
of organic matter 79, 80 , 83
oxidation and reduction (redox) 78
and gley horizons 118
oxidation states 78
oxisols 105, 106
clay mineralogies developed 108, 109
formation of laterite 105, 107, 108
oxyanions81–3, 144, 144–5
oxygen (O 2 )
atmospheric
release and absorption 161, 243
seasonality 241 , 243
in Earth’s main environmental materials 18–19, 18
electronegativity of 69 , 74
free oxygen, in the decomposition of reduced materials
77, 78
produced during photosynthesis 9
ozone
destruction by halogenated species 61–3
formation and destruction 59–61
ozone depletion 60 , 62–3
ozone layer 33, 63–4
hole in 31, 59, 60
ozone (O 3 )
attacks pigments and dyes 56
can induce respiratory problems 54
and eye irritation 54
present in rainwater 57
reactions in photochemical smog 50, 51 , 54
stratospheric
destroyed by halogenated species 61–3
formation and destruction 59–61
protects Earth from UV radiation 9
will attack double bonds of organic molecules 56
Pacific Ocean
macronutrient concentrations in deep waters 222 , 230–1
North, dissolved oxygen and CO 2 concentrations 230–1
PAHs seepolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
partial pressure 34–5, 34
particulate matter 193
transported to the oceans 181
and the turbidity maximum 183
variability in seawater 216, 217
particulate pollution 52–3
fine particles (PM-10 and PM-2.5) 52, 55
formation of secondary particles 53
from diesel engines 52–3, 55–6
PCBs seepolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)