many consonants formed towards the back of the oral cavity, producing an
overall “heavier” velarized or pharyngealized sound (see velarization,
pharyngealization).artificial intelligence n
also AI
the ability of machines to carry out functions that are normally asso-
ciated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, correcting, making self-
improvements and learning through experience. Computer programmers
try to create programs which have this capacity.
artificial language^1 n
also auxiliary language
a language which has been invented for a particular purpose, and which
has no native speakers.
For example, Esperanto was invented by L. L. Zamenhof and was
intended to be learned as a second language and used for international
communication.
Artificial languages are also invented for experiments on aspects of natural
language use.
see also natural language
artificial language^2 n
in computer programming, a code system made up of symbols, numbers or
signs, such as the programming language cobol.
ASCII n
An abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
aspect n
a term used to denote the activity, event, or state described by a verb, for
example whether the activity is ongoing or completed. Two types of aspect
are commonly recognized:
lexical aspect(or inherent lexical aspect) refers to the internal semantics of
verbs, which can be grouped into a number of categories:
1 states, verbs that refer to unchanging conditions (see stative verb), for
example be, have, want
2 activities, verbs referring to processes with no inherent beginning or end
point, for example play, walk, breathe
3 accomplishments, which are durative(last for a period of time) but have
an inherent end point, for example read a book, write a novel
artificial intelligence