an individual student or by a group of students. Much of this work takes
place outside the classroom. Project work often involves three stages:
1 Classroom planning. The students and teacher discuss the content and
scope of the project, and their needs.
2 Carrying out the project. The students move out of the classroom to
complete their planned tasks (e.g. conducting interviews, collecting
information).
3 Reviewing and monitoring. This includes discussions and feedback
sessions by the teacher and participants, both during and after the project.
In language teaching, project work is thought to be an activity which
promotes co-operative learning, reflects the principles of student-
centred teaching, and promotes language learning through using the
language for authentic communicative purposes.prominencenprominentadj
(in discourse), greater stresson the words or syllables which the speaker
wishes to emphasize. Prominence may be given to different words according
to what has been said before by another speaker, e.g.:
Hemay come to MORRow.
(as a reply to “When is Mr Jones coming?”)
He MAYcome tomorrow.
(as a reply to “Is Mr Jones likely to come tomorrow?”)
Prominence may be accompanied by pitch movement (see tone^2 ) on the
prominent syllable.
prominent syllablen
see prominence
promptn
see item specifications
promptingn
see modelling
pronounn
a word which may replace a noun or noun phrase (e.g. English it, them,
she).
see also personal pronouns, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative
pronoun, reflexive pronoun, indefinite pronoun, relative clause
pronouncing dictionary n
a dictionary particularly for second language learners which presents infor-
mation on the pronunciation of words, rather than their meanings.
prominence