Further choices associated with transitivity would be which roles the
participants had in a process and how processes, participants, and circum-
stances are combined.
see also systemic linguisticstranslation n
the process of rendering written language that was produced in one
language (the source language^2 ) into another (the target language^2 ),
or the target language version that results from this process. Translation in
which more emphasis is given to overall meaning than to exact wording
is known as free translation. A translation that approximates to a word-
for-word representation of the original is known as a literal translation. A
translation that has been produced by a computer is known as a machine
translation. The terms translationand interpretationare often used
interchangeably. While both activities involve transferring a message between
two different languages, translation refers to transfer between written texts
and interpretation refers to spoken discourse and the unrehearsed transfer
of a spoken message from one language to another.
see also interpretation
translation equivalence n
the degree to which linguistic units (e.g. words, syntactic structures) can be
translated into another language without loss of meaning. Two items with
the same meaning in two languages are said to be translation equivalents.
translator n
in general, someone who translates written language from one language
(source language) into another (the target language). An accredited
translator(or certified translator) is someone who has received accreditation
(or certification) from a professional organization such as the Institute of
Translation and Interpreting (ITI) or the American Translators Association
(ATA), issued on the basis of training, experience, and examinations. In
some countries (e.g. Germany) translators may hold titles if they have
graduated from programmes at degree level. Some translators have speci-
alized skills necessary for specific types of translation, for example medical
translation, legal translation, or literary translation.
transmission mode of teaching n
also transmission orientated teaching
a term used to describe teaching practices in which teaching is viewed as a
one-way process in which information, skills, knowledge, etc., is transmitted
from the teacher to the learners. This is generally regarded as a traditional
translation