Index 413overview, 181–183
voltaic cell, 301–303
reference standard, solutions, 124
relative error, 81
residue, filtration, 83
resistance, battery, 304–306
resolution
balances, 30
measurement, 69–71
respirators, 10
retrograde solubility, 103, 235
reverse reaction rates, 229
right-angle clamps, 33
ring stands, 33–34
risk phrases, 50–51
rods, stirring, 21
R-phrases, 50–51
rubber stoppers, 36–37
rusting, 291–293
S
safety
acetone, 265
acids, 138
ammonia, 311, 345
ammonium hydroxide, 340
ammonium nitrate, 272
antimony, 400
arsenic, 400, 401
barium hydroxide, 340
barium nitrate, 340
barium salts, 366
bases, 192
chemical storage, 55–56
chemicals, allergies, 55
chemicals, disposal, 56–58
chemicals, handling, 52–58
chlorine bleach, 360–361
chloroform, 390
copper sulfate, 127
cyanide gas, 347
deadly chemicals, 53
dry ice, 254, 255
ethanol, 387
exothermic dangers, 25
ferric chloride, 390
filtering flasks, 19
flasks, 19
food items, 295
formaldehyde, 390
funnels, 18
gasoline, 327
glacial acetic acid, 236
hazard label methods, 48
heavy-metals, disposal, 57–58
hydrochloric acid, 137
hydrogen gas, 173, 400
hydrogen peroxide, 224
hydrogen sulfide, 165
ignition, 327
incompatible chemicals, 52–54
iodine, 106
iron sulfide, 165
laboratory, 9–11
laser pointer, 320
lighting, 42
metal ions, 295
methanol, 375
methyl salicylate, 375, 377
mortar and pestle, 21
MSDS (Material Safety Data
Sheet), 48–49
napalm, 327
NFPA (National Fire Protection
Association) 704 fire diamond,
49–50
ninhydrin, 396
nitric acid, 138, 340
open flames, 33, 149
oxalic acid, 311
phenolphthalein, 140, 387
pictograms, 52
pipettes, 24, 77
potassium chromate, 366
potassium ferricyanide, 134
potassium permanganate, 224
risk phrases, 50–51
safety phrases, 50–51
silver nitrate, 340
sodium hydroxide, 272
sulfur dioxide, 164
sulfuric acid, 138
tipping, 249, 257
ventilation, 42
salicylic acid, 374
salt bridge, 301
sand and sucrose, separating, 94–96
saponification, 192
saturated solutions, 122Schweizer’s Reagent, 175, 373,
380–383
ScienceKit, 66
scoops, 35–36
scurvy, 356–357
sea level, pressure, 249
seawater, anions, 365–371Separations
chromatography, 108–115
differential solubility, 94–96
distillation, 97–100
hydrate, formula of, 116–119
overview, 84–85
purifying copper sulfate,
1 01–104
purifying ethanol, 97–100
recrystallization, 101–104
sand and sucrose, 94–96
solvent extraction, 105–107
separatory flasks, 84
separatory funnels, 18, 105
series batteries, 304–306
serological pipettes, 24, 75–78
sewer access, 42
shipping chemicals, 66
SI standard units, 247
significant figures, measuring, 69–71
silver, disposal, 57–58
silver chloride, solubility product
constant, 239–240
silver nitrate
latent fingerprints, 395–398
safety, 340, 366
single-scale graduated cylinders,
23–2 4
slugs, 156
smoking, 11
sodium acetate, common ion effect,
236
sodium chloride
molar mass by boiling point
elevation, 149–152
molar mass by freezing point
depression, 153–155
solubility product constant,
239–2 43
solutions, pH, 198–199
sodium hydrogen carbonate,
decomposition reactions, 167–170