philosopher(s), 13 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 26 , 53 , 132 , 185 , 203 , 357 ; Aristotle
on, 181 , 183 ; and class interests, 187 , 188 ; and individual circumstances,
261 ; modern, and deduction, 199 ; modern, and ethics, 178 ; Plato on, 108 ,
115 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 122 -123; and political and social developments, 596
-597; Pythagoras on, 33 , 118 ; Socrates on, 87 , 135 , 141 ; sympathy
toward, 39 and time, 47
philosopher's stone, 43
philosophes, 251 , 605 , 641 , 660 , 689 , 765
Philosophes Géomà ̈tres de la Grà ̈ce, Les ( Mihaud), 68 *
Philosophical Radicals, 641 , 677 , 719 , 723 -724, 726 , 773 , 776 , 780
-782
philosophy, -ies: and Arabs, 283 ; and Aristotle, 159 , 200 , 202 ; in Athens,
59 -60, 61 , 80 ; begins with Thales, 3 , 24 ; classification of, 791 792;
consists of two parts, 787 , 834 ; contemplative ideal in, 34 ; cosmopolitan
point of view m, 220 ; and dark ages, 303 ; and early Christianity, 308 ;
hunger and, 747 ; invented by Greeks, 3 ; among Jews and Mohammedans
in Middle Ages, 323 ; lacked by opposition to Church in Middle Ages, 302
; of logical analysis, 828 -836; and Marx, 784 , 785 ; and mathematics, 29 ,
36 , 37 ; mind and matter in, 134 ; open questions in, 128 ; and Plato, 78
-79, 93 ; of power, 494 ; religious, 19 , 29 , 37 ; and Renaissance, 500 ; and
17th-cent, science, 536 -539; and social circumstances, 261 ; standard of
judgment of, 285 -286; and substance, 52 ; as way of life, 24 , 78 , 836. See
also ancient philosophy; Catholic philosophy; modern philosophy
Philosophy of History ( Hegel), 735 -740
Philosophy of Law ( Hegel), 739 -742
Phocaea, 226
Phocas, Roman Emperor in the East (reigned 602610), 385 -386
Phoenician language, 238
Phoenicians, 8 , 9 , 10 , 220 , 253 , 280
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople ( 820 ?- 891 ), 396
phusis, 204 -205
physical law, 658
physicalist interpretation, 655
physico-theological argument, 585 , 709
physics, 606 , 657 , 687 , 715 , 716 ; and Aristotle, 203 207, 516 ; causal
laws in, 669 ; and Descartes, 563 , 566 , 568 ; and Greek philosophers, 35 ,
47 , 224 , 253 , 258 , 537 ; and Newton, 537 ; and perception, 596 , 716
-717, 833 ; and