Plato, Greek philosopher (428-7-348-7 B.C.), 19 , 84 , 220 , 235 , 281 , 516
, 689 , 786 , 792 ; and after-life, 249 -250; and ancient philosophers, 55 , 58
, 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 77 , 230 , 244 , 257 , 259 , 264 -265; and Aquinas, 453 ,
456 , 463 ; and Arabs, 423 , 424 ; and Aristotle, 61 , 73 , 160 -163, 165 ,
166 , 169 , 172 -173, 188 , 195 , 218 ; and astronomy, 214 , 530 ; and
Athens, 59 , 60 , 61 , 79 ; and Boethius, 370 , 371 ; and cave, 57 ; and
Christianity, 101 , 284 -285, 303 , 308 , 326 , 478 ; cosmogony of, 143
-148; and deduction, 36 , 199 ; and Descartes, 558 , 567 ; and dialectic, 92 ;
and Doctors of the Church, 285 , 351 , 353 , 357 , 358 , 359 , 418 ; dualism
of, 303 , 567 ; and Erasmus, 513 , 517 ; ethics of, 172 -173; and existence,
831 ; and Gnosticism, 291 , 325 ; and God, 37 , 353 , 456 , 462 , 585 , 691 ,
835 ; and Heraclitus, 44 45, 55 ; and immortality, 132 -143, 172 , 235 , 293
, 331 , 588 , 835 ; influence of, 93 -104, 120 , 143 , 148 , 195 , 218 , 283 ,
303 , 418 419, 476 , 509 ; and justice, 183 ; and Kepler, 529 ; and
knowledge, 92 , 149 159, 269 , 296 , 452 , 474 , 500 -501, 525 , 610 ;
knowledge of, 418 , 452 , 486 ; and logic, 195 , 595 ; and love, 91 , 102 ;
and mathematics, 36 , 132 , 208 , 209 210, 211 , 214 , 289 , 820 , 828 , 831
; and modern philosophers, 120 , 549 , 609 , 735 , 753 , 761 , 786 ; and
Orphism, 19 , 161 ; and other-worldliness, 284 , 307 ; and Parmenides, 48 ,
119 -120; and perception, 149 -159, 233 , 474 , 546 ; and Philo, 322 ; and
pleasure, 180 ; and Plotinus, 286 -289, 294 , 570 ; and politics, 94 , 105 ,
106 , 177 , 224 , 229 , 230 , 509 , 554 , 598 ; and Pythagoras, 32 , 37 , 63 ,
120 ; and religion, 16 , 169 ; and Rome, 236 , 277 ; and scholastic
philosophers, 404 , 405 , 418 , 429 , 435 , 438 , 439 , 440 , 465 , 466 , 467 ,
474 ; and science, 537 ; and Socrates, 60 , 63 , 82 -84, 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 111
, 142 , 235 , 236 , 463 ; and Sophists, 75 , 77 -78; and soul, 173 , 286 , 327 ;
sources of opinions of, 104 -107; and Sparta, 94 , 98 , 100 ; and Stoics, 252
, 253 , 258 ; and subjectivity, 297 ; and time, 206 ; Utopia of, 104 , 108
-119, 188 , 519 ; vices in thought of, 73 , 78 -79; and virtue, 92 , 177 , 297 ,
573 , 834 ; and Wycliffe, 484 ; cited, 209 ; quoted, 84 -91, 110 , 111 *, 119
, 121 -123, 125 126, 128 , 133 , 134 , 136 138, 140 -144, 146 -149, 152 ,
153. See also theory of ideas
Platonic Socrates, 60 , 63 , 84 -92, 111 , 116 -117, 122 , 127 -128, 132
-143, 149 -151, 235 , 236 , 371 , 463
Platonopolis, 287
Plautus, Titus Maccius, Roman playwright ( 254?-184 B.C.), 342
pleasure and pain, 15 , 135 136, 179 , 264 , 370 , 645 , 722 , 777 -779, 801 ;
and Aristotle, 180 -181; and Bentham, 775 , 776 , 777 778; and Berkeley,
649 , 653 -654; and Epicurus, 243 -245; and Locke, 614 , 616 -617, 644 ;
and utilitarians, 777 -779
plenum, 68 , 69 , 70
Pliny the Elder ( Caius Plinius Secundus), Roman scholar and writer ( 23
-79), 516
Plotinus, Greek Neoplatonic philosopher ( 204 270), 284 -297, 325 , 327 ,
358 , 371 , 404 , 406 , 418 ,