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Abnormal Psychology

(やまだぃちぅ) #1

xvi Contents



  • CHAPTER 1 The History of Abnormal Psychology Preface xxi

  • CHAPTER 2 Understanding Psychological Disorders

  • CHAPTER 3 Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment

  • CHAPTER 4 Foundations of Treatment

  • CHAPTER 5 Researching Abnormality

  • CHAPTER 6 Mood Disorders and Suicide

  • CHAPTER 7 Anxiety Disorders

  • CHAPTER 8 Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders

  • CHAPTER 9 Substance Use Disorders

  • CHAPTER 10 Eating Disorders

  • CHAPTER 11 Gender and Sexual Disorders

    • Psychotic Disorders CHAPTER 12 Schizophrenia and Other



  • CHAPTER 13 Personality Disorders

  • CHAPTER 14 Childhood Disorders

  • CHAPTER 15 Cognitive Disorders

  • CHAPTER 16 Ethical and Legal Issues

  • Glossary G-

  • References R-

  • Permissions and Attributions P-

  • Name Index NI-

  • Subject Index SI-

    • Scientifi c Accounts of Psychological Disorders CONTENTS

    • Behaviorism

    • The Cognitive Contribution

    • Social Forces

    • Biological Explanations

    • Psychopathology The Modern Synthesis of Explanations of

      • The Diathesis–Stress Model

      • Approaches The Biopsychosocial and Neuropsychosocial



    • CHAPTER

    • The Neuropsychosocial Approach........... Understanding Psychological Disorders:

    • Neurological Factors in Psychological Disorders

    • Brain Structure and Brain Function

      • A Quick Tour of the Nervous System

      • Neurons

      • Chemical Signals

      • Hormones and the Endocrine System



    • The Genetics of Psychopathology

      • Behavioral Genetics



    • the Environment Feedback Loops in Action: The Genes and

      • The Environment Affects the Genes

      • The Genes Affect the Environment



    • Psychological Disorders Psychological Factors in

    • Behavior and Learning

      • Classical Conditioning

      • Operant Conditioning



    • and Operant Conditioning Revisited Feedback Loops in Action: Classical Conditioning

      • Observational Learning





  • CHAPTER Preface XXI

  • The History of Abnormal Psychology

  • Psychological Disorders The Three Criteria for Determining

  • Distress

  • Impairment in Daily Life

  • Risk of Harm

  • Context and Culture

  • Views of Psychological Disorders Before Science

  • Ancient Views of Psychopathology

    • Supernatural Forces

    • Chinese Qi

    • Ancient Greeks and Romans



  • Forces of Evil in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

    • The Middle Ages

    • The Renaissance



  • Rationality and Reason in the 18th and 19th Centuries

    • Asylums

    • Novel Humane Treatments

    • Moral Treatment

    • Neurasthenia



  • Psychological Disorders The Transition to Scientifi c Accounts of

  • Freud and the Importance of Unconscious Forces

    • Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Psychosexual Stages

    • Mental Illness, According to Freud

    • Defense Mechanisms

    • Psychoanalytic Theory Beyond Freud

    • Evaluating Freud’s Contributions



  • The Humanist Response

  • and Humanist Approaches Lasting Contributions of Psychodynamic

    • Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

      • The Evolution of DSM

      • The Multiaxial System of DSM-IV-TR

      • Criticisms of DSM-IV-TR



    • Disorders The People Who Diagnose Psychological

      • Clinical Psychologists and Counseling Psychologists

      • General Practitioners Psychiatrists, Psychiatric Nurses, and

      • Mental Health Professionals With Master’s Degrees



    • Assessing Psychological Disorders

    • Assessing Neurological and Other Biological Factors

      • CT Scans, and MRIs Assessing Abnormal Brain Structures With X-rays,

      • Assessing Brain Function With PET Scans and fMRI

      • Neurotransmitter and Hormone Levels

      • Neuropsychological Assessment



    • Assessing Psychological Factors

      • Clinical Interview

      • Tests of Psychological Functioning



    • Assessing Social Factors

      • Family Functioning

      • Community

      • Culture



    • Assessment as an Interactive Process

    • Rex Walls Diagnosing and Assessing Rose Mary and

    • CHAPTER

    • Foundations Of Treatment

    • Treatments That Target Neurological Factors

    • Medications that Change Brain Functioning

      • Goals of Medication

      • Methods of Medication





  • Mental Processes and Mental Contents

    • Mental Processes

    • Mental Contents



  • Emotion

    • Emotions and Behavior

    • Emotions, Mental Processes, and Mental Contents

    • Emotions, Moods, and Psychological Disorders

    • Brain Bases of Emotion

    • Temperament



  • Social Factors in Psychological Disorders

  • Family Matters

    • Family Interaction Style and Relapse

    • Child Maltreatment

    • Parental Psychological Disorders



  • Community Support

  • Social Stressors

    • Socioeconomic Status

    • Discrimination

    • Bullying

    • War



  • Culture

    • Culture Can Suppress or Facilitate Behaviors

    • Acculturation



  • Feedback Loops in Action: Learned Helplessness

  • CHAPTER

  • Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment

  • Diagnosing Psychological Disorders

  • Why Diagnose?

  • A Cautionary Note About Diagnosis

    • Diagnostic Bias

    • Diagnosis as a Stigmatizing Label



  • Reliability and Validity in Classifi cation Systems

    • Community-Based Treatment x Contents

      • Inpatient Treatment

      • Partial Hospitalization

      • Residential Treatment

      • Self-Help

      • Prevention Programs



    • Older Populations Targeting Social Factors in Younger and

      • Targeting Social Factors in Younger Patients

      • Targeting Social Factors in Older Patients



    • Treating a Multicultural Population

      • How Ethnicity Can Infl uence Treatment

      • Using Mental Health Services

      • and Clinician Bridging a Cultural Gap Between Patient



    • Finances and Managed Care

    • Creating a Treatment Plan

    • Choosing a Specifi c Treatment

    • Choosing One or More Treatments

    • CHAPTER

    • Researching Abnormality

    • Understand Abnormality Using the Scientifi c Method to

    • The Scientifi c Method

      • Collect Initial Observations

      • Identify a Question

      • Develop a Hypothesis

      • Collect Data to Test the Hypothesis

      • Develop a Theory

      • Test the Theory



    • Types of Scientifi c Research

      • Conducting Research with Experiments





  • Changing Brain Function Through Brain Stimulation

    • Electroconvulsive Therapy

    • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation



  • Biofeedback

  • Changing Brain Structure Through Neurosurgery

  • and Older Populations Targeting Neurological Factors in Younger

    • Targeting Neurological Factors in Younger Patients

    • Targeting Neurological Factors in Older Patients



  • Treatments That Target Psychological Factors

  • Psychodynamic Therapy

    • Psychodynamic Therapy The Goals of Psychoanalysis and

    • Methods of Psychodynamic Therapy



  • Client-Centered Therapy

    • The Goal of Client-Centered Therapy

    • Methods of Client-Centered Therapy



  • Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

    • The Goals of Behavior Therapy

    • Methods of Behavior Therapy

    • The Goals of Cognitive Therapy

    • Methods of Cognitive Therapy

    • Methods of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

    • Dialectical Behavior Therapy—CBT Plus More



  • Incorporating Technology Into Treatment

    • Using Technology for Between-Session Work

    • Cybertherapy



  • and Older Populations Targeting Psychological Factors in Younger

    • Targeting Psychological Factors in Younger Patients

    • Targeting Psychological Factors in Older Patients



  • Treatments That Target Social Factors

  • Interpersonal Therapy

    • The Goal of Interpersonal Therapy

    • Methods Used in Interpersonal Therapy



  • Family and Systems Therapy

    • Family Therapy

    • About the Family Systems Therapy: A Different Way of Thinking



  • Group Therapy

    • CHAPTER Contents xi

    • Mood Disorders and Suicide

    • Depressive Disorders

    • Major Depressive Episode The Building Block of Depressive Disorders:

      • Affect, the Mood Symptoms of Depression

      • Behavioral and Physical Symptoms of Depression

      • Cognitive Symptoms of Depression



    • Major Depressive Disorder

      • Specifi ers

      • Depression in Children and Adolescents



    • Dysthymic Disorder

    • Understanding Depressive Disorders

      • Neurological Factors

      • Psychological Factors

      • Social Factors

      • Feedback Loops in Action: Depressive Disorders



    • Treating Depressive Disorders

      • Targeting Neurological Factors

      • Targeting Psychological Factors

      • Targeting Social Factors

      • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Depressive Disorders



    • Bipolar Disorders

    • Building Blocks for Bipolar Disorders

      • Manic Episode

      • Mixed Episode

      • Hypomanic Episode



    • The Two Types of Bipolar Disorder

      • Bipolar I Versus Bipolar II Disorder

      • Bipolar Disorder and Creativity?



    • Cyclothymic Disorder

    • Quasi-Experimental Design

    • Correlational Research

    • Case Studies

    • Meta-Analysis



  • Ethical Guidelines for Research

  • Abnormality Research Challenges in Understanding

  • Challenges in Researching Neurological Factors

  • Challenges in Researching Psychological Factors

    • Biases in Mental Processes That Affect Assessment

    • Research Challenges with Clinical Interviews

    • Research Challenges with Questionnaires



  • Challenges in Researching Social Factors

    • Investigator-Infl uenced Biases

    • Individual Behavior Effects of Community Standards on

    • Cultural Differences in Evaluating Symptoms



  • Researching Treatment

  • Neurological Factors Researching Treatments That Target

    • Drug Effect or Placebo Effect?

    • Dropouts



  • Psychological Factors Researching Treatments That Target

    • Common Factors

    • Specifi c Factors

    • with Analogue Studies Controlling Possible Confounding Variables

    • Is Therapy Better Than No Treatment?

    • Effective Than Another? Is One Type of Therapy Generally More

    • Specifi c Disorder? Is One Type of Therapy Better for Treating a

    • Ethical Research on Experimental Treatments

    • The Therapy Dose-Response Relationship



  • Researching Treatments That Target Social Factors

    • and Ethnicity Matching Patient and Therapist by Gender

    • Culturally Sanctioned Placebo Effects



  • Feedback Loops in Action: The Placebo Effect

    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder xii Contents

    • What Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    • Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder

      • Neurological Factors

      • Illusion of Control Psychological Factors: Hypervigilance and the

      • Social Factors: Stressors

      • Generalized Anxiety Disorder Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding



    • Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder

      • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

      • Targeting Psychological Factors

      • Targeting Social Factors

      • Anxiety Disorder Feedback Loops in Treatment: Generalized



    • Agoraphobia) Panic Disorder (With and Without

    • Panic Disorder The Panic Attack—A Key Ingredient of

    • What Is Panic Disorder?

    • What Is Agoraphobia?

    • Understanding Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

      • Neurological Factors

      • Psychological Factors

      • and a Sign of the Times Social Factors: Stressors, “Safe” People,

      • Panic Disorder Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding



    • Treating Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

      • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

      • Targeting Psychological Factors

      • Targeting Social Factors: Group and Couples Therapy

      • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Panic Disorder



    • Earl Campbell’s Anxiety

    • Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)

    • What Is Social Phobia?

    • Understanding Social Phobia

      • Neurological Factors

      • Psychological Factors

      • Social Factors

      • Social Phobia Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding





  • Understanding Bipolar Disorders

    • Neurological Factors

    • Psychological Factors: Thoughts and Attributions

    • Social Factors: Social and Environmental Stressors

    • Feedback Loops in Action: Bipolar Disorders



  • Treating Bipolar Disorders

    • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

    • and Relapse Prevention Targeting Psychological Factors: Thoughts, Moods,

    • Targeting Social Factors: Interacting with Others

    • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Bipolar Disorder



  • Suicide

  • Suicidal Thoughts and Suicide Risks

    • Thinking About, Planning, and Attempting Suicide

    • Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide



  • Understanding Suicide

    • Neurological Factors

    • Psychological Factors: Hopelessness and Impulsivity

    • Social Factors: Alienation and Cultural Stress

    • Feedback Loops in Action: Suicide



  • Preventing Suicide

    • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

    • Feelings of Hopelessness Targeting Psychological Factors: Reducing

    • Awareness Targeting Social Factors: Social Programs, Social

    • Feedback Loops in Prevention: Suicide



  • CHAPTER

  • Anxiety Disorders

  • Common Features of Anxiety Disorders

  • What Is Anxiety?

  • The Fight-or-Flight Response Gone Awry

  • Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders

    • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Contents xiii

    • Stress Versus Traumatic Stress

    • What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?

    • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR Criteria for

    • Understanding Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

      • Neurological Factors

      • Comorbidity, and Conditioning Psychological Factors: History of Trauma,

      • Social Factors

      • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding



    • Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

      • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

      • Targeting Psychological Factors

      • and Family Education Targeting Social Factors: Safety, Support,

      • Stress Disorder Feedback Loops in Treatment: Posttraumatic



    • Howard Hughes and Anxiety Disorders

    • CHAPTER

    • Disorders Dissociative and Somatoform

    • Dissociative Disorders

    • Dissociative Disorders: An Overview

      • Normal Versus Abnormal Dissociation

      • Cultural Variations in Pathological Dissociation

      • Types of Dissociative Disorders



    • Dissociative Amnesia

      • What Is Dissociative Amnesia?

      • Understanding Dissociative Amnesia



    • Dissociative Fugue

      • What Is Dissociative Fugue?

      • Understanding Dissociative Fugue





  • Treating Social Phobia

    • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

    • and Cognitive Restructuring Targeting Psychological Factors: Exposure

    • Targeting Social Factors: Group Interactions

    • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Social Phobia



  • Specifi c Phobias

  • What Is Specifi c Phobia?

    • Animal Type

    • Natural Environment Type

    • Blood-Injection-Injury Type

    • Situational Type

    • Other Type



  • Specifi cs About Specifi c Phobias

  • Understanding Specifi c Phobias

    • Neurological Factors

    • Psychological Factors

    • Social Factors: Modeling and Culture

    • Specifi c Phobias Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding



  • Treating Specifi c Phobias

    • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

    • Targeting Psychological Factors

    • Observational Learning Targeting Social Factors: A Limited Role for

    • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Specifi c Phobias



  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  • What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

  • Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

    • Neurological Factors

    • Psychological Factors

    • Social Factors

    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding



  • Treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

    • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

    • Targeting Psychological Factors

    • Targeting Social Factors: Family Therapy

    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Feedback Loops in Treatment:

      • CHAPTER xiv Contents

      • Substance Use Disorders

      • Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence

      • Substance Use Versus Intoxication

      • Substance Abuse and Dependence

        • Use Becomes Abuse

        • Substance Abuse as a Category or on a Continuum?

        • Comorbidity

        • Polysubstance Abuse

        • Prevalence and Costs



      • Culture and Context

      • Stimulants

      • What Are Stimulants?

        • Cocaine and Crack

        • Amphetamines

        • Methamphetamine

        • Ritalin

        • MDMA (Ecstasy)

        • Nicotine



      • Understanding Stimulants

        • Dopamine and Abuse Brain Systems and Neural Communication I:

        • Beyond Dopamine Brain Systems and Neural Communication II:

        • Psychological Factors: From Learning to Coping

        • Social Factors



      • Depressants

      • What Are Depressants?

        • Alcohol

        • Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs



      • Understanding Depressants

        • Neurological Factors

        • Psychological Factors

        • Social Factors







  • Depersonalization Disorder

    • What Is Depersonalization Disorder?

    • Understanding Depersonalization Disorder



  • Dissociative Identity Disorder

    • What Is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

    • Criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR Criteria

    • Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder



  • Treating Dissociative Disorders

    • Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication

    • Coping and Integration Targeting Psychological and Social Factors:

    • Disorders Feedback Loops in Treatment: Dissociative



  • Somatoform Disorders

  • Somatoform Disorders: An Overview

  • Somatization Disorder

    • What Is Somatization Disorder?

    • Criticism of the DSM-IV-TR Criteria

    • Understanding Somatization Disorder



  • Conversion Disorder

    • What Is Conversion Disorder?

    • Criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR Criteria

    • Understanding Conversion Disorder



  • Hypochondriasis

    • What Is Hypochondriasis?

    • Shared Features Hypochondriasis and Anxiety Disorders:

    • Understanding Hypochondriasis



  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder

    • What Is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

    • Versus Other Disorders Diagnosing Body Dysmorphic Disorder

    • Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder



  • Is Somatoform Disorder a Useful Concept?

  • Treating Somatoform Disorders

    • Targeting Neurological Factors

    • Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Targeting Psychological Factors:

    • Family Education Targeting Social Factors: Support and

    • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Somatoform Disorders



  • Follow-up on Anna O.

    • of Anorexia Nervosa Medical, Psychological, and Social Effects

      • Anorexia’s Medical Effects

      • Psychological and Social Effects of Starvation



    • Anorexia Nervosa Problems With the DSM-IV-TR Defi nition of

      • Problems With the Diagnostic Criteria

      • Problems With the Types



    • Bulimia Nervosa

      • What Is Bulimia Nervosa?

      • Medical Effects of Bulimia Nervosa



    • Problems With the DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria

      • Problems Defi ning Binge Eating

      • Problems With the Types of Bulimia

      • Is Bulimia Distinct From Anorexia?



    • Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed

    • Understanding Eating Disorders

    • Neurological Factors: Setting the Stage

      • Brain Systems

      • Neural Communication: Serotonin

      • Genetics



    • About Food Psychological Factors: Thoughts of and Feelings

      • Thinking About Weight, Appearance, and Food

      • Disordered Eating Operant Conditioning: Reinforcing

      • Personality Traits as Risk Factors

      • Disinhibited Eating Dieting, Restrained Eating, and

      • Other Psychological Disorders as Risk Factors



    • Social Factors: The Body in Context

      • The Role of Family and Peers

      • The Role of Culture

      • Eating Disorders Across Cultures

      • The Power of the Media

      • Difference Objectifi cation Theory: Explaining the Gender

      • Feedback Loops in Action: Eating Disorders



    • Treating Eating Disorders

    • Nourishing the Body Targeting Neurological and Biological Factors:

      • A Focus on Nutrition





  • Other Abused Substances

  • What Are Other Abused Substances?

    • Narcotic Analgesics

    • Hallucinogens

    • Dissociative Anesthetics



  • Understanding Other Abused Substances

    • Neurological Factors

    • Psychological Factors

    • Social Factors

    • Substance Use Disorders Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding



  • Treating Substance Use Disorders

  • Goals of Treatment

  • Targeting Neurological Factors

    • Detoxifi cation

    • Medications



  • Targeting Psychological Factors

    • Motivation

    • Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

    • Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF)

    • Matching Treatment to Patient



  • Targeting Social Factors

    • Residential Treatment

    • Community-Based Treatment

    • Family Therapy

    • Use Disorders Feedback Loops in Treatment: Substance



  • CHAPTER

  • Eating Disorders

  • Anorexia Nervosa

  • What Is Anorexia Nervosa?

    • Anorexia Nervosa According to DSM-IV-TR

    • Binge-Eating/Purging Two Types of Anorexia Nervosa: Restricting and

      • Pain and Humiliation Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism:

      • Paraphilias Involving Nonhuman Objects

      • Assessing Paraphilic Disorders

      • Criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR Paraphilias

      • Understanding Paraphilias

        • Neurological Factors

        • Psychological Factors: Conditioned Arousal

        • Social Factors: More Erotica?



      • Treating Paraphilias

        • Medication Targeting Neurological and Other Biological Factors:

        • Therapy Targeting Psychological Factors: Cognitive-Behavior

        • Targeting Social Factors



      • Sexual Dysfunctions

      • Dysfunctions An Overview of Sexual Functioning and Sexual

        • The Normal Sexual Response Cycle

        • Sexual Dysfunctions According to DSM-IV-TR

        • Sexual Desire Disorders

        • Sexual Arousal Disorders

        • Orgasmic Disorders

        • Sexual Pain Disorders

        • Criticisms of the Sexual Dysfunctions in DSM-IV-TR



      • Understanding Sexual Dysfunctions

        • Neurological and Other Biological Factors

        • and Maintaining Sexual Dysfunctions Psychological Factors: Predisposing, Precipitating,

        • Social Factors

        • Feedback Loops in Action: Sexual Dysfunctions



      • Assessing Sexual Dysfunctions

        • Assessing Neurological and Other Biological Factors

        • Assessing Psychological Factors

        • Assessing Social Factors



      • Treating Sexual Dysfunctions

        • Medications Targeting Neurological and Other Biological Factors:

        • Thoughts, Learning New Sexual Behaviors Targeting Psychological Factors: Shifting

        • Targeting Social Factors: Couples Therapy

        • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Sexual Dysfunctions





    • Medical Hospitalization

    • Medication



  • Therapy Targeting Psychological Factors: Cognitive-Behavior

    • CBT for Anorexia

    • CBT for Bulimia

    • Using CBT Manuals to Treat Eating Disorders

    • Effi cacy of CBT for Treating Eating Disorders



  • Targeting Social Factors

    • Interpersonal Therapy

    • Family Therapy

    • Psychiatric Hospitalization

    • Prevention Programs

    • Feedback Loops in Treatment: Eating Disorders



  • Follow-up on Marya Hornbacher

  • CHAPTER

  • Gender and Sexual Disorders

  • Gender Identity Disorder

  • What Is Gender Identity Disorder?

  • Criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR Defi nition

  • Understanding Gender Identity Disorder

    • Neurological Factors

    • Play Activities? Psychological Factors: A Correlation With

    • Social Factors: Responses From Others



  • Treating Gender Identity Disorder

    • Altered Appearance Targeting Neurological and Other Biological Factors:

    • the Choices Targeting Psychological Factors: Understanding

    • Targeting Social Factors: Family Support



  • Paraphilias

  • What Are Paraphilias?

    • Paraphilias Involving Nonconsenting Individuals



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