L
La Mezquita Cathedral, 376
(ill.)
The Lady Tasting Tea: How
Statistics Revolutionized
Science in the Twentieth
Century(Salsburg), 454
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 29
Laplace, Pierre-Simon de,
289, 327, 328
Laplace transform, 327, 328
Laptops, 365
Lateral area, 190, 191
Lateral surface area, 191
Latitude, 415, 416, 416 (ill.)
Law, 393
Law of Conservation of
Momentum, 278
Law of Constant Accelera-
tion, 278
Law of Inertia, 277–78
Law of total probability, 252
Laws of indices, 144
Least common denominator,
96–97
Least common multiple, 96
Least squares method,
326–27
Left-limits, 218
Legendre, Adrien-Marie, 30,
50
Legs, 182
Lehmann, Ingmar, 453
Leibniz, Baron Gottfried Wil-
helm, 27–28
calculating devices, 353
calculus, 212
infinitesimal calculus,
221
logic, 105
multiplication and divi-
sion symbols, 94
pi, 40
syllogistic logic, 106
Leibniz Stepped Drum, 353
Lemmas, 117
Length, 43–44, 464
Leonardo da Vinci, 353, 353
(ill.), 375
Leonardo of Pisa, 23, 70, 84Let’s Make a Deal(game
show), 440
Leucippus of Miletus, 210
Levin, Golan, 380
Liar’s paradox, 120
Liberia, 51
Library of Congress, 449
(ill.)
Library of Congress Vatican
Exhibit Mathematics
Room, 449
Life expectancy, 381
Life table, 382
Light waves, 283
Light years, 290
Limit of a sequence, 214
Limits, 217–20, 218 (ill.)
Line graph, 264, 265 (ill.)
Line segment, 172
Linear algebra, 162, 171–72,
331
Linear combination, 241
Linear differential equations,
233
Linear equations, 139–40,
151
Linear function, 196, 197
(ill.)
Linear system, 141
Listing, Johann Benedict,
206
Livio, Mario, 453
Lobachevski, Nikolai
Ivanovich, 30, 206
Log table, 469–77
Logarithmic equation,
149–50
Logarithms. See alsoAlge-
bra; Polynomial equations
base, 144
changing base of, 149
connection with algebra,
145, 145 (ill.)
development of, 145, 146
eas symbol in, 147
expanding, 148–49
exponent, 143–44
exponent rules, 144
exponential equation, 149
exponential function,
147, 148 (ill.)log table, 469–77
logarithmic equation,
149–50
Napier, John, 24
properties of, 146–47
rules for combining, 148
simplifying, 149
Logic. See alsoAxiomatic
system; Set theory
algorithm, 112–13
argument, 104
Aristotelian, 105–6
decision problem, 113
definition of, 103–4
formula, 110
Hillbert, David, 108
historical basis for, 104
incompleteness theorem,
113
intuitionism, 107, 107
(ill.)
logical foundation, 104–5
logical operators, 109–10,
112, 112 (table)
mathematical, 107
metamathematics, 113
predicate calculus,
110–12
proposition, 107
propositional calculus,
109
quantifier, 111
recent philosophies of,
113–15
syllogisms, 105
symbolic, 107–8
truth table, 109 (table),
109–10
truth values and func-
tions, 108–9
Venn diagrams, 106, 106
(ill.)
Logic puzzles, 424, 426, 427
Logical foundation, 104–5
Logical operators, 109–10,
112, 112 (table)
Logistic equation, 319–20
Loh-Shu, 438
London Mathematical Soci-
ety, 447
Long ton, 47 495INDEX
Handy Math BM 8/19/07 5:18 PM Page 495