Physical Foundations of Cosmology

200 The very early universe and αw ( q^2 ) ≡ g^2 4 π  α^0 w 1 + 0. 265 α^0 wln ( q^2 /q 02 ), (4.199) whereq 0 ∼100 GeV andαw^0 ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 201 measurements of the proton lifetime and the discovery of neutrino masses, rules out the minima ...

202 The very early universe Supersymmetry The symmetries we have considered so far relate bosons to bosons and fermions to fermi ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 203 and aslepton respectively. Similarly, for every gauge particle we have a fermionic superpartne ...

204 The very early universe 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MSSM q (GeV) 105 1010 1015 αs−^1 1 αw−^1 α 1 −^1 Fig. 4.20. for this dark matter ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 205 Problem 4.30Using this fact and assuming that the hot relics are fermions of massmψwith neglig ...

206 The very early universe where〈σv〉∗is the thermally averaged product of the annihilation cross-sectionσ and the relative velo ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 207 Problem 4.31Consider the annihilation reaction and its inverse:χχ ̄ f ̄f. As- suming that the ...

208 The very early universe As the Hubble constant becomes smaller than the mass, and eventuallyH^2  m^2 ,we can neglect the se ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 209 different winding numbersn: |θ〉= ∑ e−inθ|n〉, (4.215) whereθis an arbitrary parameter which mus ...

210 The very early universe particular, atTQCD200 MeV,we have ma(T)∼ma ( QCD/T ) 4 . (4.219) For realistic values off, the a ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 211 asymmetry and the possibility of its dynamical generation becomes an inevitable element of inf ...

212 The very early universe X l q X l q Fig. 4.21. violated, the rate(X→qq)≡ris generally not equal to ( X ̄→q ̄q ̄ ) ≡r ̄.In ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 213 theory and the resulting baryon asymmetry is many orders of magnitude smaller than the require ...

214 The very early universe is consistent with the gauge symmetries of the theory; here theνRcare the charge- conjugated wave fu ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 215 coincide with the flavor (weak) eigenstates. These states are related by the cor- responding K ...

216 The very early universe with complexλ 1 ,λ 2 ) become important, and a substantial baryon asymmetry can be produced. The sca ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 217 vacuum is isomorphic to a circleS^1 (the “bottom of the bottle” ). In the casen= 3 , the vacuu ...

218 The very early universe domain wall string monopole φ= 0 φ^1 = 0 φ^2 = 0 φ (^2) = 0 φ^1 = 0 φ^3 = 0 Fig. 4.23. Problem 4.33C ...

4.6 Beyond the Standard Model 219 wall per present horizon scale∼t 0. Its mass can be estimated as Mwall∼Ewt 02 ∼ 1065 λ^1 /^2 ( ...