INDEX 481
Charge carriers, metals in biological
systems, 4t
cDNA, 59– 60, 60f
Celera Genomics, 62–63
Cesium (Cs), 190t, 193, 211
CHARMM force fi eld, 167–169, 177–
178, 18 0
Ceruloplasmin, Cp, 461
Chemical Abstracts, 183–184
Chemical degradation method, 59, 152
Chloride ion (Cl−), 7t, 19, 19t, 20f
bridge in electron transfer, 23, 23f
intra- and extracellular concentration,
193–194, 196, 199, 204
Chloroethane, 106
1-chloropropane, 103
Chromosome mapping, 141
Chromatography: see also HPLC, GC-
MS, 39–40, 149, 158
affi nity, 40
gel fi ltration, 40
ion exchange, 40
Chromium (Cr):
biological signifi cance, 2, 7t, 10 –11,
11t
chromium(III), inert, 11, 11t
chromium(II), labile, 10, 11t
electron transfer and, 23, 23f
Jahn-Teller effect and, 10 –11, 18, 19f
Circular dichroism (CD), see also
magnetic circular dichroism
(MCD) 40, 130, 311–313,
422–424
CisDDP, cisPlatin, cis-dichlorodiammin
eplatinum(II), 16, 20
Cloning, see also gene cloning, 29, 57,
58–61, 60f, 62
Cobalamins, see also coenzyme B 12 ,
vitamin B 12 , 6t, 22
Cobalt (Co):
biological signifi cance, 2, 2t, 6t, 7t, 11,
11t, 44
B- to Z-DNA transformation, 141
cofactor and, 44
cobalt NMR, 105f
Co(phen) 3 ]3+ as cytochrome c
oxidant, 415 – 416
cytochrome c folding and, 422–429
electron transfer, 23, 23t
hammerhead ribozyme and, 267t, 279,
287, 290
inert, 11
labile, 23
ligand fi eld stabilization energy, 18
Mössbauer source, 133
vitamin B 12 , coenzyme B 12 , 22, 44
Codons
genetic mutations, 56–57, 57f
in genetic transmission, 55–56
Coenzyme Q, coQ, see ubiquinone
Coenzymes, 44
Cofactors, see also prosthetic groups,
13, 24, 44, 117, 133
nitrogenases and, 137–138, 137f, 139
hemes, as, 117, 146
Competitive Inhibitors, 46 – 47, 46f
Compound I, see cytochrome c,
cytochrome P450, see also ferryl-
oxo intermediates
Compound II, see cytochrome c,
cytochrome P450
Computer hardware:
high performance cluster (HPC), 160
Macintosh, 158, 175, 177, 178 –181
parallel computers, 159–160
PC, 158 –16 0, 175, 177, 18 0 –181
workstations, 158 –159, 172 , 174, 177–
179, 181
Computer software, graphics and
calculation:
AMBER, 119, 161, 166, 175, 179, 180
AMPACTM, 179
CACheTM, 176 –177
CambridgeSoftTM, 176, 179
CHAR MM, 168 –169, 177–178 –180
Gaussian, 119, 168 –170, 173, 176 –177,
179, 182
GROMOS, 174, 180
HyperChemTM, 162 , 16 4, 177–178
Hypercube, 177
MacroModelTM, 175, 178, 179
MaestroTM, 178
MOBY, 180
MOMEC, 162, 164, 178
MOPACTM, 176, 179, 182
PCMODELTM, 164, 179
PyMOL, 176
Schrodinger, Inc., 178, 179