484 INDEX
Cytosine (C), 47, 48t, 50f, 54, 61, 71, 71f,
141
hammerhead ribozyme and, 266, 275,
275f
Cytosol, 54, 193, 327, 428f, 438
Databases, online, 42, 62, 84, 97, 117,
119, 139, 152, 159, 175, 181, 182,
184 –185, 200, 205, 359
d-d transitions, 15, 78t, 450, 452
forbidden, 15
d electrons, 4t, 5t, 6t, 11, 11t, 14–18, 15f,
17f, 18f, 18t
Degenerate energy states, 11, 14–15,
18
Dehyrogenases, 4t, 45, 66, 388
Deletions, chromosomal, 56–57, 57f,
190t
Denaturation, 39, 269, 272, 331, 420,
422–424
Density functional theory (DFT), 83,
161, 170, 171–173, 174 –178, 18 0,
366–367, 380, 443
Deoxyhemoglobin, 90–91, 344–346, 347,
349–350, 353
stereochemistry, 351, 351t
quaternary structure, 344–346, 345f
Deox y myoglobin, 147–14 8, 34 4 –34 6,
347, 349–350, 351, 351t, 353
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates
(dNTPs), 55
Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA
Diamagnetism, 17, 102, 136, 138
Dideoxy method, 59
Diffraction:
atomic force microscopy, 140
multiwavelength anomalous
diffraction (MAD), 92–93, 95,
241, 247, 283, 294–295, 358,
464–465
X-ray crystallography, 78–79, 83–98,
147–14 8, 211
Dioxygen:
activation, 362
binding proteins, see also
hemoglobin, cytochrome P450,
cytochrome c oxidase, methane
monooxygenase, 30, 135t, 143,
14 6 –14 8, 172 , 19 2 –193, 34 4 –345
formation of superoxide anion, 346,
347f, 348
ground state, 348–349, 349f
monooxygenases and, 22
orientation in hemoglobin, 346 –347,
347f
reactions, 62
singlet state, 162, 349
solubility, 344
superoxide ion radical, 62, 346 –349,
347f, 363, 371, 395, 424
toxic radicals from, 363, 397
transport, 5t, 458–459
triplet state, 124
Dioxygen binding:
binding mode to hemoglobin, 346,
347f, 348, 351, 356
cooperative, 91, 346, 348, 359
cytochrome P450 and, 172, 361–364,
364t, 367–372
cytochrome c oxidase and, 425, 429f,
429–443
distal effects
cytochrome P450 and, 172, 367–374,
373t
hemoglobin and, 346–348, 347f, 350–
351, 350f, 354, 355f, 356–358, 357f,
384
hemerythrin and, 459
hemoglobin and, 135t, 192–193, 344–
345, 348
kinetics, 346
methane monooxygenase and,
459–460
model compounds and, 90 –91, 352–
356, 374, 439–454
non-cooperative, 90 –91
proximal effects:
cytochrome c oxidase and, 440–443
cytochrome P450 and, 368, 373–374,
373t
hemoglobin and, 346, 347, 348, 350–
351, 350f, 354–355, 354f, 355f, 357f,
358, 384
thermodynamics, 346
Dioxygenases, 383
Diphosphoglycerate, (DPG), 192–193,
193f
Dissociative mechanism (D, SN1), 10, 12