The Economist December 4th 2021 Leaders 19
pand abroad, but their profitable home markets are largely
sealed against international competition and theyaresubjectto
increasingly heavyhanded guidance from theirowngovern
ment. This protected model of tech is becoming popularinother
authoritarian countries. Russia has favoured homegrownout
fits in ecommerce and fintech, and in the past yearhascracked
down on the activity of Silicon Valley firms.
The third digital type—local heroes—is prevalent across
much of the rest of the world. In Asia and LatinAmericalocal
and regional companies often rule in ecommerce,gaming,digi
tal payments, ridehailing, food delivery and otherappbased
services. Examples from SouthEast Asia in
clude Sea, Grab and GoTo; South Korea has Ka
kao and Coupang; and Argentina has Mercado
Libre. In India giants including Reliance and
Tata aim to promote superapps that provide a
range of services, even as specialists, such as
Zomato, a delivery firm, are scaling up.
Typically, these firms operate in markets
where it is useful to be on the ground, or where
local tastes are what count. In SouthEast Asia supply chains are
highly decentralised, rewarding such knowledge. In fintech reg
ulatory differences make it harder for international groups to
thrive. Activity is booming. India’s Unified Payments Interface, a
system which connects banks and nonbanks to make cheap
and immediate payments, recorded about $100bn of transac
tions in October, more than four times the amount in the same
month two years ago. Mynt, a startup that provides mobile pay
ments and loans, has just become the Philippines’ firstever uni
corn, meaning that it is valued at over $1bn.
These businesses have been helped by a surge in the avail
abilityofcapital,especiallyasglobalinvestorssearchforalter
nativestoChina,wherePresidentXiJinping’stechcrackdown
willmeanlowerprofits.Ofthe$342bnspentontakeoversof
emergingmarkettechfirmssofarthisyear,71%camefrom
economiesoutsideChina,thehighestsharein 11 years.Emerg
ingmarkettechcompaniesoutsideChinaissued$53bninequ
itymarketssofarin2021,morethantwicethepreviousrecord.
VenturecapitaloutfitsthatoncefocusedonAmerica,andmay
beChina,arescouringtheplanetlookingforstartups.
Thesuccessofthethirdtypeofinternetfirmischeering.
Theyboostcompetitionandinnovatetosolvelocalproblems,
suchasmappingcitieswithoutregisteredprop
erty.IncontrasttoAmericanandChinesefirms,
theycomewithlittletonogeopoliticalbaggage
andarecreatingclustersofsoftwaredevelopers
andseasonedinvestorsaroundtheworldwho
maygoontocreateanothergenerationofstart
ups.Localpensionfundsnolongerhavetoput
moneytoworkonWallStreetinordertogetex
posuretothedigitaleconomy.
Inevitably, there are risks. Some countries may be tempted to
shelter their local heroes from competition, or limit how much
outsiders can disrupt vested interests at home. Local expertise
may not travel well. Capital markets can be unforgiving—share
prices in India’s Paytm, a payments firm, have tumbled after a
botched listing last month—and rising interest rates will make
capital more expensive. When the supply of capital dries up,
groups still struggling to make money could be in trouble.
Even so, the odds have receded of a global army of smart
phone users all tapping an identical set of apps on their screen.
Variety should flourish instead, and that is to be welcomed.n
Tech mergers and acquisitions
To Nov 30th 2021, $bn
300
200
100
0
1614122010 2118
Other emerging markets
China
O
ne pioneertried transplanting testicles from straight men
into gay ones. Sigmund Freud thought hypnosis might
work. Priests and imams have tried to “pray away the gay”; doc
tors administered electric shocks while patients were shown
erotic images, in an attempt to recast pleasure as pain.
Psychologists, psychiatrists and quacks have been trying to
“cure” homosexuality for at least a century. These days, thank
fully, “conversion therapy” is much less common than it used to
be. Partly that is because it does not work. Mainly, though, it is
because society has changed. Although homophobia still exists,
people across the West increasingly see samesex attraction as
something normal and unremarkable. But Britain’s government
wants to clamp down on conversion therapy all the same. A bill
to make the practice illegal will soon be put before Parliament,
after a rushed consultation (see Britain section).
Such therapy is always pointless, often cruel, and occasional
ly dangerous. Yet the government should rethink its plans, be
cause the proposed law is muddled. It conflates sexual orienta
tion with the nebulous and changeable concept of “gender iden
tity”. The government wants “conversion therapy” to include
talking treatments that explore why someone’s gender identity
is at odds with their biological sex. A ban would leave the field of
gender medicine to those happy to shepherd patients—includ
ing the growing number of under18s who see themselves as
transgender—into “gender affirmation”, in which their cross
sex identity is treated as permanent. This approach fasttracks
many children onto powerful drugs and sometimes surgery.
That would be a bad idea. There is little evidence that the af
firmative approach relieves gender dysphoria—the misery of
feeling at odds with one’s biological sex. Key to medicine’s 20th
century transformation from guesswork to science was the no
tion that doctors should prescribe treatments only when there is
good reason to think they work. Yet the evidence base for the af
firmative approach is thin. The drugs it uses were not clinically
tested for this kind of therapy. Clinics lose track of patients,
making it hard to assess outcomes. Putting the force of the law
behind unproved medical treatments is wrong.
What is more, the evidence that does exist is not reassuring.
Clinics and psychologists report that many transidentified pa
tients also suffer from depression and anxiety. Some have had
abusive childhoods; many are gay or lesbian and may be confus
ing their emerging sexuality with a crosssex identity. A few
seem to have homophobic parents for whom the idea of having a
straight (trans) “daughter”, say, is preferable to having a gay son.
Britain’s planned ban on conversion therapy is not what it seems
Bad medicine
Sex and gender