Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Aldrin Chlordan 5) Herbicides: i) Inorganic herbicides are not very selective (kills w ...

6) Germicides: Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl OH H H OH Cl Cl hexachlorophene para-dichlorobenzene disinfectant for skin used in mothballs P ...

6.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC HALIDES Table 6.2 Organic Halides Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Group bp (°C) Density (g m ...

temperature and 1 atm pressure. 2) Ethyl bromide (bp 38 °C) and ethyl iodide (bp 72 °C) are both liquids, but ethyl chloride (bp ...

bond to the carbon atom: + RRNu + Leaving group Heterolysis occurs here Nu − X X − Nucleophile When does the C–X bond break? Do ...

HO− + HOR + Nucleophile Alkyl halide Alcohol Leaving group R X X − 2) General Reaction for Nucleophilic Substitution of an Alkyl ...

HO − + CH 3 Cl CH 3 OH + Cl − H 3 N ++CH 3 Br CH 3 NH+ 3 Br − Nucleophilic substitution reactions where the substarte bears a f ...

rate at which methanol or chloride ion appears in the solution. 2) The initial rate of the reaction is measured. The rate of th ...

Nu− C Nu Antibondin L C + L− gorbital Bonding orbital 2) The nucleophile attacks the carbon bearing the leaving group from the b ...

A Mechanism for the SN2 Reaction Reaction: HO− ++CH 3 Cl CH 3 OH Cl− Mechanism: H O − H O H O δ− C Cl HH H δ+ δ− C HH H + Transt ...

The equilibrium constant for the reaction is extremely large: ∆G° = –2.303 RT log Keq ⇒ log Keq = 2.303GRT −∆ o log Keq = 2.30 ...

changes in bond orders and bond distances that must take place as the reactants are converted to products. Free energy of activ ...

Enthalpy of activation (∆H‡) and entropy of activation (∆S‡): ∆G° = ∆H° – ∆S° ⇒ ∆G‡ = ∆H‡ – ∆S‡ 1) ∆H‡ is the difference in bo ...

v) The transition state resembles a mountain pass rather than the top of an energy hill. vi) The reactants and products appear t ...

F(v) = 4π 3 /^2 B ( 2 πmk T) v^2 e−mv^2 /^2 kBT = 4 π (m/2πkBT)3/2 v^2 exp(–mv^2 /2kBT) k: Boltzmann’s constant = R/N 0 = 1.38 × ...

will be required to cause the reaction to occur at a reasonable rate. A free-energy diagram for the reaction of methyl chloride ...

H O − An inversion of configuration H O H O δ− C Cl HH H δ+ δ− C HH H C Cl + Cl − HH H δ− Inversion of configuration can be obs ...

H C OH C 6 H 13 CH (^3) C H C 6 H 13 CH 3 HO (R)-(–)-2-Octanol (S)-(+)-2-Octanol []α^25 D = –9.90° [α]^25 D = +9.90° 1) The (R)- ...

1) tert-Butyl chloride reacts by substitution at virtually the same rate in pure water (where the hydroxide ion is 10–7 M) as it ...

6.11 A MECHANISM FOR THE SN 1 REACTION A Mechanism for the SN1 Reaction Reaction: (CH 3 ) 3 CCl + 2 H 2 O acetone (CH 3 ) 3 COH ...