Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

Aldehydes: HHC O C O C O C O Formaldehyde H 3 CH Acetaldehyde C 6 H 5 H Benzaldehyde H trans-Cinnamaldehyde C 6 H 5 (present in ...

H 3 C C or O O H Acetic acid CH 3 CO 2 H or CH 3 COOH C or O O H Benzoic acid C 6 H 5 CO 2 H or C 6 H 5 COOH 2.11B AMIDES Amide ...

H 3 C C O O H O C O O + H CH 2 CH 3 H 3 C CH 2 CH 3 + H 2 O Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol Ethyl acetate 2.12 NITRILES The carbon an ...

2.13 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Table 2.3 Important Families of Organic Compounds Family example Specifi ...

2.14 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Physical properties are important in the identification of known compounds. Su ...

2.14A ION-ION FORCES The strong electrostatic lattice forces in ionic compounds give them high melting points. The boiling poin ...

2.14C HYDROGEN BONDS Hydrogen bond: the strong dipole-dipole attractions between hydrogen atoms bonded to small, strongly elect ...

2.14D VAN DER WAALS FORCES van der Waals Forces (or London forces or dispersion forces): The attractive intermolecular forces b ...

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure of the atmospher ...

2.14E SOLUBILITIES Solubility The energy required to overcome lattice energies and intermolecular or interionic attractions for ...

4) Nonpolar solids are insoluble in polar solvents. 5) Nonpolar liquids are usually mutually miscible. 6) Nonpolar liquids and p ...

Hydrogen bonding (red dotted lines) in the α-helix structure of proteins. 2.15 SUMMARY OF ATTRACTIVE ELECTRIC FORCES Table 2.6 A ...

FOR DETECTING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 2.16A An Infrared spectrometer: Figure 2.10 Diagram of a double-beam infrared spectrometer. [Fro ...

The oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a beam of ordinary light in one plane. The waves depicted here occur in all poss ...

“Stretching”: Symmetric stretching Asymmetric stretching “Bending”: Symmetric bending Asymmetric bending H 2 O: 3 fundament ...

Doublydegenerate Scissoring (bending) Scissoring (bending) (δs CO) (δs CO) 666 cm–1 (15.0 μm) 666 cm–1 (15.0 μm) resolved compon ...

Number of fundamental vibrations observed in IR will be influenced: (1) Overtones (2) Combination tones ⇒ increase the number o ...

(2) C–H bond C–D bond ν = 4.12 Kμ^ ν = 4.12 Kμ^ K= 5 x 10^5 dynes/cm K= 5 x 10^5 dynes/cm μ = C H C H M M M M + = 12 1 ( 12 )( 1 ...

2.16C COUPLED INTERACTIONS: CO 2 : symmetrical 1340 cm–1 asymmetrical 2350 cm–1 normal 1715 cm–1 Symmetric Stretch Asymmetric ...

2.16D HYDROCARBONS: ALKANES: Figure 2.11 The IR spectrum of octane. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS: Figure 2.12 The IR spectrum of methy ...