Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

and with it the strength of the van der Waals forces operating between it and adjacent molecules ⇒ lowering the boiling. 4.7B ME ...

4.7C DENSITY The alkanes and cycloalkanes are the least dense of all groups of organic compounds. Table 4.5 Physical Constants ...

Figure 4.5 a) The staggered conformation of ethane. b) The Newman projection formula for the staggered conformation. Staggered ...

conformations is 12 kJ mol−^1 (2.87 kcal mol−^1 ). Figure 4.7 Potential energy changes that accompany rotation of groups about t ...

G G G G H H H H H H H H These conformers cannot be isolated except at extremely low temperatures. 4.9 CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ...

4) The energy barriers are still too small to permit isolation of the gauche and anti conformations at normal temperatures. Figu ...

4.10 THE RELATIVE STABILITIES OF CYCLOALKANES: RING STRAIN Ring strain: the instability of cycloalkanes due to their cyclic str ...

Figure 4.9 Heats of combustion show that isobutene is more stable than butane by 9 kJ mol–1. 4.10B HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF CYCLOA ...

Cyclohexane has the lowest heat of combustion per CH 2 group (658.7 kJ mol–1).⇒ the same as unbranched alkanes (having no ring ...

occur perfectly end-on. This leads to weaker “bent” bonds and to angle strain. (b) Bond distances and angles in cyclopropane. (c ...

Cyclopentane has little torsional strain and angle strain. The internal angles are 108° ⇒ very little angle strain if it was pl ...

i) When viewed along any C—C bond, the atoms are seen to be perfectly staggered. ii) The hydrogen atoms at opposite corners (C1 ...

Figure 4.14 (a) The boat conformation of cyclohexane is formed by "flipping" one end of the chair form up (or down). This flip r ...

Figure 4.16 (a) Carbon skeleton and (b) line drawing of the twist conformation of cyclohexane. The energy barrier between the c ...

Table 4-1 Energy costs for interactions in alkane conformers INTERACTION CAUSE (^) (kcalE/molNERGY COST) (kJ/mol^ ) H–H eclipsed ...

(CH 2 )n (CH 2 )n A catenane (n^ ≥^18 ) 4.13 SUBSTITUTED CYCLOHEXANES: AXIAL AND EQUATORIAL HYDROGEN ATOMS The six-membered rin ...

i) The cylohexane ring rapidly flips back and forth between two equivalent chair conformation via partial rotations of C—C bonds ...

Table 4.7 Relationship Between Free-energy Difference and Isomer Percentages for Isomers at Equilibrium at 25 °C Free-energy Dif ...

hydrogen atoms on the same side of the molecule (attached to C3 and C5 atoms) that the van der Waals forces between them are rep ...

H H H H C H H H H H H HC CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 H 3 C CH^3 CH 3 H H H HH H H H H H H Equatorial tert-butylcyclohexane Axial tert-butylcy ...