Arabic: An Essential Grammar

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18.16 Pronunciation and spelling rules

The following modifications are made for certain derived verbs of form

VIII in order to smooth the pronunciation:

(a) If the first consonant of the basic verb form is one of the following

four emphatic letters: ص /s
̇

/, ض /d
̇

/, ط /t
̇

/, ظ /d
̄ ̇

/, the infix ..ـتـ..


/-t-/ of form VIII as in the pattern verb ِإ ْف َت َع َل /



ifta


ala/ is changed

into ..ـطـ.. /-t
̇


  • /, e.g. َض َر َب d
    ̇


araba ‘to hit’, whose form VIII is

ِإ ْض َط َر َب^



id
̇

t
̇

araba ‘to be troubled’, (not: ِإ ْض َت َر َب). And َطَل َع t
̇

ala


a

‘to rise’ has as its form VIII طَل َعَّ ِإ



it
̇

t
̇

ala


a ‘to become aware’

(not: ِإ ْط َتَل َع).


Iَع َو َج



awag ̆aIXجَّ ِإ ْعـ َو


i


wag ̆g ̆a imperf. جُّ َيـ ْعـ َو ya


wag ̆g ̆u

to bend to be twisted, bent

I not used IIم َرََّح h
̇

ammara IXرَّ ِإ ْح َم


ِ

ih
̇

marra imperf. رَُّي ْح َم yah
̇

marru

to redden, colour red to turn red, blush

Form X

X is formed by adding the prefix ِإ ْس َتـ... /



ista.../ to form I, and ِإ /


i.../ is

elided in the imperfect tense.

(a) X is reflexive of form IV (transitive).

IVَأ ْعَل َم



a


lama Xِإ ْس َت ْعَل َم


ista


lama imperf. َي ْس َت ْعِل ُم yasta


limu

to inform, to let know to enquire, seek information

(b) X is transitive of form I (often denoting attempt, request or desire

to obtain something)

Iَخ َر َج h
̆

arag ̆aXِإ ْس َت ْخ َر َج



istah
̆

rag ̆a imperf. َي ْس َت ْخ ِر َج yastah
̆

rig ̆u

to come out to take out, extract, deduce

(c) X is declarative of form I or IV (transitive or intransitive).

Iَح ُس َن h
̇

asuna Xِإ ْس َت ْح َس َن

istah
̇

sana

imperf. َي ْس َت ْح ِس ُن yastah
̇

sinu

to be nice, good to consider nice, good

122

Derived

verb forms,


transitive
and
intransitive
verbs
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