Arabic: An Essential Grammar

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(b) لاَّ ِإ



illa ̄, in a negative sentence with the first noun expressed

In a negative sentence the second noun that follows لاَّ ِإ



illa ̄ can be

in either the nominative or accusative, e.g.

لا َوا ِح ً دا / َوا ِح ٌدَّ لا ُب ِإَّ طـُّ َما َجا َء ل


ma ̄ g ̆a ̄


a t
̇

-t
̇

ulla ̄bu


illa ̄ wa ̄h
̇

idan / wa ̄h
̇

idun.

Only one student came. (lit. No students came except one.)

لا َج ِري َد ً ة / َج ِري َد ٌةَّ ِم َن ْل َج َرا ِئ ِد ِإَل ْم َي ْق َر ْأ


lam yaqra


mina l-g ̆ara ̄


idi


illa ̄ g ̆arı


  • datan / g ̆arı

    • datun.




He read only one of the newspapers.

(lit. He didn’t read from the newspapers except one newspaper.)

ل ُه


ا
ّله / َ ل

ا
لا لَّّ ل َه ِإ

ا
َلا ِإ^ la ̄^


ila ̄ha


illa ̄ lla ̄ha / lla ̄hu.

There is no god except God (Allah). OR There is only one God.

(c) لاَّ ِإ



illa ̄, in a negative sentence without the first noun

In a negative sentence the first noun may be dropped before لاَّ ِإ

illa ̄. Then the noun that follows لاَّ ِإ may take any of the three

cases, according to the case assignment (rection) determined by

the verb, e.g.

لا َقِلي ًلاَّ َلـ ْم َي ْأ ُك ْل ِإlam ya



kul


illa ̄ qalı


  • lan.


He ate only a little. (lit. He did not eat except a little.)

The 2nd noun

(the excepted

member)

The exceptive

particle

The 1st noun

(the set from which

the exception

is made)

Predicate

َوا ِح ًدا َلاّ ِإ لا ُبَّ طُّ ل َخ َر َج


h
̆

arag ̆a t
̇

-t
̇

ulla ̄bu


illa ̄ wa ̄h
̇

idan. (All) the students went out except

one.

ر ِئي َسَّل لاَّ ِإ ْ َلأ ْع َضا ُءرَ َح َض


h
̇

ad
̇

ara l-


a


d
̇

a ̄


u


illa ̄ r-ra


ı


  • sa. (All) the members came except the


president.

283

Exception
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