Phil. Jaffé: Regesta Pontificum Roman. ad annum 1198. Berol., 1851; revised ed. by Wattenbach,
etc. Lips. 1881 sqq. Continued by Potthast from 1198–1304, and supplemented by Harttung
(see below). Important for the chronology and acts of the popes.
J. A. Wylie: The Papacy. Lond., 1852.
Leopold Ranke: Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im 16 und 17ten Jahrhundert. 4
ed., Berlin, 1857. 3 vols. Two English translations, one by Sarah Austin (Lond., 1840), one by
E. Foster (Lond., 1847). Comp. the famous review of Macaulay in the Edinb. Review.
Döllinger. (R.C.): Die Papstfabeln des Mittelalters. Munchen, 1863. English translation by A.
Plummer, and ed. with notes by H. B. Smith. New York, 1872.
W. Giesebrecht: Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit. Braunschweig, 1855. 3rd ed., 1863 sqq.,
5 vols. A political history of the German empire, but with constant reference to the papacy in
its close contact with it.
Thomas Greenwood: Cathedra Petri. A Political History of the great Latin Patriarchate. London,
1856–’72, 6 vols.
C. de Cherrier: Histoire de la lutte des papes el des empereurs de la maison de swabe, de ces causes
et des ses effets. Paris, 1858. 3 vols.
Rud. Baxmann: Die Politik der Päpste von Gregor I. bis Gregor VII. Elberfeld, 1868, ’69. 2 vols.
F. Gregorovius: Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter, vom 5. bis zum 16. Jahrh. 8 vols.
Stuttgart, 1859–1873 .2 ed., 1869 ff.
A. v. Reumont: Geschichte der Stadt Rom. Berlin, 1867–’70, 3 vols.
C. Höfler (R.C.): Die Avignonischen Päpste, ihre Machtfulle und ihr Untergang. Wien, 1871.
R. Zöpffel: Die Papstwahlen und die mit ihnen im nächsten Zusammenhange stehenden Ceremonien
in ihrer Entwicklung vom 11 bis 14. Jahrhundert. Göttingen, 1872.
James Bryce (Prof. of Civil Law in Oxford): The Holy Roman Empire, London, 3rd ed., 1871,
8th ed. enlarged, 1880.
W. Wattenbach: Geschicte des römischen Papstthums. Berlin, 1876.
Jul. von Pflugk-Harttung: Acta Pontificum Romanorum inedita. Bd. I. Urkunden der Päpste a.d.
748–1198. Gotha, 1880.
O. J. Reichel: The See of Rome in the Middle Ages. Lond. 1870.
Mandell Creighton: History of the Papacy during the Reformation. London 1882. 2 vols.
J. N. Murphy (R.C.): The Chair of Peter, or the Papacy and its Benefits. London 1883.
§ 49. Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to
Leo XIII.
We present here, for convenient reference, a complete list of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman
Emperors, from Pope Gregory I. to Leo XIII., and from Charlemagne to Francis II., the last of the
German-Roman emperors:^210
(^210) This list is compiled from Jaffé (Regesta), Potthast (Bibl. Hist. Medii AEvi, Supplement, 259-267), and other sources.
The whole number of popes from the Apostle Peter to Leo XIII. is 263.
The emperors marked with an asterisk were crowned by the pope, the others were simply kings and emperors of
Germany.