alcohol consumption (Cont.)
binge drinking 406, 408, 412
chronic intake effects 412
cutaneous vasodilation 410–11
diuretic effect 262
weight loss techniques 640
energy balance 21, 472
ergogenic benefits 407
guidelines for sensible use 412–13
‘hangover’ effects on performance
411–12
metabolism 406–7
acetaldehyde metabolite 407
during exercise 407
hypoglycaemia 407
motor skills effects 408, 412
oxidative stress 295
postexercise recovery effects 408–12
glycogen resynthesis 410
rehydration 262, 409 , 409–10
soft tissue damage repair 410
thermoregulation 411
sports performance response 408
standard measures 407
alcohol dehydrogenase 406
aldehyde dehydrogenase 407
aldosterone 211, 213, 259, 328
alkalosis 394, 395
allosteric activation
alanine aminotransferase 125, 126 , 127,
128
energy metabolic pathways 22, 30, 31 ,
34, 86, 87
alpha(a)-carotene 300, 301
alpha(a)-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
87, 125, 269
alpha(a)-tocopherol seevitamin E
Alzheimer’s disease 292
amenorrhoea
bone health relationship 346, 424, 453,
517, 642
osteoporosis 320–1, 438
chronic energy deficit 642
female athlete triad 598–9
gymnasts 591, 598–9, 603
vegetarians 453
amino acid metabolism 29, 119–29,
153–66
oxidative modification 295
skeletal muscle 119, 120
alanine aminotransferase 125, 126 ,
127
exercise-related 125–9
fatigue mechanism 126 , 126–7
glucose–alanine cycle 122 , 122– 3
glutamine–glutamate cycle 124– 5
glutamine synthesis/release 119,
120, 121, 122, 124, 161
postabsorptive arteriovenous
differences 120–1
protein-containing meal ingestion
123–4
at rest 119–25
strenuous exercise 161
in vitro 120
amino acid pools 119, 134–5, 135
amino acid supplements 153, 529
megadose consumption 145, 357–8
sprint exercise 544–6
strength training 629–30
664 index
amino acids
dispensible/non-dispensible 155
energy yield 29
insulin secretion stimulation 105
protein composition 153, 154
amino acids complementation 79
vegetarian diet 446
aminotransferase reactions 120 , 120, 121
ammonia
active muscle production 121, 137,
138
hot environment exercise 501
sprint exercise 540
glutamine–glutamate cycle 125
levels with branched-chain amino acid
supplements ingestion 176
amphetamines 178, 514
amylo-1,6-glucosidase 24
amylopectin 73, 75
amylose 73
anabolic steroids 544, 545
anaemia
athletic performance impairment 333
definition 328
see alsoiron deficiency anaemia
anaerobic metabolism 21–6, 85
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
levels 22– 3
children/adolescents 434
glycolysisseeglycolysis
gymnastics 589
high-intensity exercise 33 , 33–4
phosphocreatine (PCr) 21–2
pulmonary ventilation data 10 , 10–11
rate of energy yield 24, 88
sprinting 536, 537
team sports 574 – 5, 576
type IIb muscle fibres 9, 19
anaerobic training 12, 13
duration of events 12, 13
skeletal muscle response 15
speed skating training 647
strength combined training seesprint
training
type II fibres as targets 13
see alsoresistance (strength) training
angina 40
angiotensin 211, 213
splanchnic blood flow regulation 247
anorexia athletica 511
eating patterns 515–16
female athlete triad 598 –9
physical symptoms 514
psychological/behavioural symptoms
514 –15
anorexia nervosa 430
complications 513
diagnostic categories 510
eating patterns 515–16
female athlete triad 598–9
mortality 513
physical symptoms 514
psychological/behavioural symptoms
514 –15
subclinical cases 511
antacids 249
antiasthmatic medication 660
antibiotics 251
antibody synthesis 164
anticholinergics 251antidiarrhoeal agents 251–2
antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)
210, 211, 212, 213, 328
exercise intensity response 211, 213
antioxidant enzymes
exercise-associated changes 344
trace mineral dependence 339
antioxidant nutrients 292–311, 527
exercise-induced oxidative stress
303–4
female athletes’ intake 423
supplementation 304 –10, 423
hot climate exercise 503, 505
antispasmodics 251
apolipoproteins 46
oestrogen effects 419
apomorphine 178
arginine
insulin secretion stimulation 105
supplements 357–8, 544, 545, 629
arteriovenous oxygen difference 11
ascorbic acid seevitamin C
asparagine 119, 121, 129
aspartate 119, 121, 129
lymphocyte/macrophage metabolism
159
aspirin 332
astaxanthin 300
atherosclerotic disease 39, 40
body fat regional distribution 49
high protein diet relationship 145
lipoprotein metabolism 46, 47
atrial natriuretic factor 211, 213
banned drugs 526
baroreceptors 210, 213
basal metabolic rate (BMR) 203
energy requirements estimation 418
inadequate nutritional intake 589
bases 393
basketball 10
beer as rehydration drink 409–10
belching 248, 249
beta(b)-carotenes 79, 276, 287, 288, 310
antioxidant properties 300, 301
beta(b)-cryptoxanthin 300, 301
beta(b)-endorphins 538
beta(b)-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-
dehydrogenase (HAD) 199
beta(b)-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate
(HMB) 356–7, 358–9
bicarbonate buffer system 394 – 5
bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 393–
401, 541
detection in urine samples 401
exercise performance response 395–8
dose 398–9, 399
duration of action 399–400
gastrointestinal side effects 400
legitimacy of use 401
biotin 274
bismuth subsalicylate 489
blood composition 10
blood glucose 16
carbohydrate ingestion during exercise
113, 114
energy yield 29
exercise intensity responses 90, 91 , 91,
94
glycolysis substrate provision 23–4