myofibrillar proteins 119
pH values 25–6
fatigue 34
physiology 3
protein synthesis measurement 136
putative growth promoting nutrition
supplements 529–30
‘red’ 9, 19
structure 8–9, 9
total adenine nucleotide pool 32
training programme responses 10, 13,
14 –15
endurance training 13, 15, 37
hypertrophy 37, 626
insulin sensitivity 459–60
triacylglycerol 185, 188
metabolism 188, 189
mobilization 186
‘white’ 9, 19
skeletal muscle damage
acute phase response 329
alcohol consumption effects 410
distance skiing 660
eccentric exercise 107–8, 137
strength training 625–6
glutamine demand 160, 161
glycogen resynthesis rates 107–8
lysosomal proteases 137
overtraining 493
team sports 584
ski-walking 659
skiingseedistance skiing
skills training 12
slow twitch muscle fibres seetype I
muscle fibres
small intestinal absorption
effects of exercise 244 – 5
splanchnic blood flow 246
fluid ingestion during distance running
556
fructose 257
glucose, sodium stimulation 232, 260,
263
ingested fluids availability 231–2, 232
glucose–electrolyte solutions 232 ,
232, 233
small intestinal permeability 245
smilax 359
smoking 295
soccer 10
sodium
caffeine ergogenic actions 385
children/adolescents 436, 437
intake (requirements) 208
losses in sweat 209, 210, 217, 218, 228 ,
228
children/adolescents 436
distance runners 556
hot climate exercise 504
plasma levels
following exercise 210
regulation 210–11
postexercise replacement 233, 237,
263
alcohol consumption 409, 410
rehydration fluids 236, 259–60, 263
children/adolescents 436–7
sports drinks 233
renal handling 210–11, 213
exercise response 211
index 677
small intestinal glucose absorption
stimulation 232, 260, 263
sweat gland reabsorption 217
sodium bicarbonate seebicarbonate
sodium citrate seecitrate
soleus fibre types 20
soya products 78, 79
specific activity factor (GAF) 476
specific dynamic action seethermic effect
of food
speed loading techniques 625
speed–strength sports 622 , 622–4
see alsopower events
splanchnic blood flow 332
effects of exercise 245–7
sport, definitions 3
‘sports anaemia’ 328
sports drinks 79, 527–8
composition 233
electrolyte replacement 233–4
glucose polymers 230
ingestion during exercise 115
potassium 234
sodium 233, 263, 504
sports foods 79, 80
sports nutrition products 523–30
amino acid supplements 529
carbohydrate gels 528
carbohydrate-rich beverages 528
categories 526–7
complete nutrition/energy beverages
528
definition 523–4
energy bars 528
energy metabolism enhancers 530
ethical aspects 526
evaluating product claims 524–6
fluid replacement beverages seesports
drinks
goals of use 524
mineral supplements 529
muscle growth promoters 529–30
protein supplements 529
sprint training 541
vitamin supplements 528–9
sprint training
metabolic response 37, 540
skeletal muscle response 15, 44
sprinting 5, 535–46
caffeine response 382–3
carbohydrate loading 541–2
current world records 536
definition 536
dietary intake 540–1
fatigue 536, 538–40
metabolic responses 536–7
laboratory studies 537–8
training effects 540
protein/amino acid supplements
544–6
repeated sprints
carbohydrate intake 543–4, 544
carbohydrate loading 542 , 542–3
stachyose 73
starch 73
functional characteristics 74
ingestion during exercise 115, 566
resistant 76
skeletal muscle glycogen restoration
102starvation 29–30, 639
children’s growth effects 432
glutamine plasma levels 160
liver glycogen depletion 36
muscle glycogen metabolism 122 , 123
static exercise 3
stearate 184
storage polysaccharides 73
strength training seeresistance training
stress fractures 323
calcium intake inadequacy 589, 591
gymnasts 589, 591, 599
stress response, brain catecholamines
177
tyrosine supplementation effects 179
stroke 42
stroke volume 11
conditioning-mediated increase 12
distance skiers 658
oxygen uptake relationship 11 , 11
succinate dehydrogenase 326
sucrose 73, 74
glycogen restoration after exercise 106 ,
106, 107
ingested fluids availability 231
ingestion during exercise 114, 115
cold environment exercise 498–9
cycling 566
postexercise ingestion 257
rehydration fluids 235
suit calorimeter (Webb) 54
sulphonylureas 463, 464
superoxide dismutase 297, 342, 344
superoxides 292, 343
sustained rhythmic exercise 9–10
sweating 203
age-related changes 207
calcium losses 321
children/adolescents 436
climatic factors 216–17, 217 , 504, 660
dehydration-associated impairment
221 , 221, 229
electrolyte losses 208–10, 209 , 217,
228–9, 321, 333, 340
hot climate exercise 504
postexercise replacement 234, 236,
237, 260, 263
evaporative heat loss 204–5
gender differences 207
iron losses 333
plasma osmolality changes 211
rates during exercise 226–7, 227 , 228 ,
229
sodium losses 209, 210, 217, 218, 228 ,
228, 436, 504
distance runners 556
sweat composition 228 , 228
water losses 207, 216, 218, 226–7, 256
cold climate exercise 660
cycling 568
distance runners 555–6, 556
distance skiing 660
team sports 584
weight loss techniques 639–40
sweetened dairy foods 79, 80
swimming 609–18
body composition 610–11
chronic glycogen depletion 612, 615
cold stress 497, 498, 611
energy costs 203, 204