vegans
athletic performance 443
calcium 449, 450
diet 444, 454
vitamin B 12 intake 446, 447
zinc intake 449
vegetables 79, 423
vegetarians 442–54
athletic performance 443–4
bone mass 453–4
calcium 321, 449–50
classification of diets 444, 445
health benefit 444–5
historical aspects 442–3
hormonal alterations 450–3
male sex steroids 452–3
menstural cycle irregularities 450,
451, 452, 453
oestrogen levels 450, 451–2
iron 447–8
deficiency in adolescents 431
intake/absorption 334, 335
nitrogen balance 422
nutrient strategies 451 , 454
protein intake 146, 153, 445–6
protein complementation 446 , 446
vitamin B 12 286, 446–7
zinc 335, 448–9
verbascose 73
very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) 46,
47, 48, 185
fatty acids release to muscle 187
violaxanthin 300
vitamin A (retinol) 276, 287–8, 596
food sources 288
overdosage 276, 288
vitamin B 1 (thiamin) 268–70, 283–4,
596–7
biochemistry 268–9
deficiency 269
supplementation 269, 283
safety 269–70, 284
vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 79, 270–1, 284,
597
biochemistry 270
deficiency 284
food sources 284
supplementation 270–1
safety 271
vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 271–2, 285,
422–3
biochemistry 271
deficiency 271, 285
food sources 285
supplementation 272, 285
safety 272
vitamin B 12 272–3, 285–6, 550
deficiency 273, 286, 447
drug-induced malabsorption 447
food sources 286
supplementation 273, 286, 447
safety 273
vegetarian diet 446–7
vitamin B 15266
vitamin B complex 286
carbohydrate food sources 78, 79
supplementation 286
hot climate training 582
weight loss programmes 480
index 679
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 79, 274 – 5,
286–7, 596
antioxidant activity 301, 310, 423
biochemistry 274
deficiency 303
food sources 287
iron absorption enhancement 447
supplementation 266, 275, 287, 307,
310
hot climate exercise 505, 582
megadoses 356, 357
safety 275
vitamin D 276–7, 288
calcium metabolism 319, 320
deficiency 276, 288
eating-disordered athletes 516
food sources 288
overdosage 276, 288
vegan diet 450
vitamin E (a-tocopherol) 275–6, 288–9,
296
antioxidant activity 299–300, 300 , 310,
423
biochemistry 275
deficiency 296, 303, 305, 493
food sources 299
supplementation 266, 275–6, 289, 299,
300, 304 – 5, 306–7, 310, 493
female athletes 423
high altitude training 582
hot climate exercise 505
safety 276
vitamin K 277
vitamin supplements 281, 282–3, 527,
528–9
children/adolescents 430, 437, 438
female athletes 422, 425
team sports 582
weight loss programmes 480
vitamins 266–77, 281–9
deficiency 267, 268 , 281–2
definition 266
fat-soluble 266, 275–7, 283
functional output relationshop 267,
268
intake (requirements)
children/adolescents 437, 438
distance skiing 661
gymnasts 596–7
power events 624, 627 , 627, 628
team sports 582
metabolic functions 266–7, 267
overvitaminosis 267, 268
recommended dietary allowances
(RDA) 281, 282, 284
water-soluble 266, 268–75, 283
vomiting 250
walking, energy cost 49, 203
water balance 207, 216–18, 226–38
hyperhydration 221–2, 236–7
renal function 213
small intestinal uptake 231–2
water intake (requirements) 226, 227
climatic factors 216
exercise-associated factors 216, 217
inappropriate 212
postexercise fluid replacement 258–9
plain water 259, 260, 262, 504rehydration fluids 234, 235 , 235,
263–4
regulation 211–12, 217
water of nutrient oxidation 212
water losses 207, 208 , 208
cold climate exercise 660
cycling 568
distance runners 555–6, 556
distance skiing 660
hot weather exercise 216
maximum aerobic power/oxygen
uptake (V
.
O2max.) 218–19, 219
renal regulation 210–11
respiratory 227
sweating 207, 216, 218, 226–7, 256,
555–6, 556 , 568, 584, 660
team sports 584
weight loss techniques 638, 639–40
watt (W) 4
weight category sports 637–44, 638
dieting behaviour 637
eating disorders 637
weight cycling 638
weight loss methods 638–40
weight maintenance 638–40
see alsoweight restriction
weight-controlled sports 637, 638
see alsoweight restriction
weight cycling 638
health consequences 641–2
weight gain programmes 629–30
weight loss programmes 513
antioxidant defence system effects
298–9
blood letting 640
body composition changes 479, 642
body fat composition ranges 477–8,
479
dehydration 638, 639–40
diuretics 640
eating disorders prevention 519–20
energy balance 469, 638–9
goals 477, 478, 479
health consequences 640–2
nutrition education 469, 480
performance consequences 642–3, 643
physiological consequences 642–3, 643
power events 628
making weight 628–9, 644
practical guidelines 477–80, 481, 643– 4
behaviour modification 480
dietary modification 479–80
exercise 480
make weight strategies 644
reasons for weight loss 469
weight category sports 638–40
see alsoweight restriction
weight restriction
calcium intake 320, 321, 424
female athletes 424
adolescents 430–1
nitrogen balance 422
vitamin B 6 intake 423
vitamin/mineral supplement use
425
gymnastics 588, 589, 602
iron deficiency 334
power events 628–9
protein requirements 146