Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine
the other hand, when the electron is raised from a lower energy shell to an upper energy shell, the process is called excitation ...
is 1 in low-Zelements such as^126 C,^147 N, and^168 O, but it increases with increas- ing atomic number of elements. For example ...
The mass Mof a nucleus is always less than the combined masses of the nucleons Ain the nucleus. The difference in mass (M−A) is ...
Chart of the Nuclides 9 Fig . 1.3. A section of the chart of nuclides. (Courtesy of Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, ...
containing various information such as the half-life, type and energy of radi- ations, and so forth of the nuclide, and neutron ...
2 Radioactive Decay 11 In 1896, Henri Becquerel first discovered natural radioactivity in potassium uranyl sulfate. Artificial r ...
Isomeric Transition As previously mentioned, a nucleus can exist in different energy or excited states above the ground state, w ...
Internal Conversion An alternative to the g-ray emission is the internal conversion process. The excited nucleus transfers the e ...
Total number of disintegrations =Ne+Ng =0.11Ng+Ng =1.11Ng Thus, the percentage of g-radiations =90% An internal conversion proce ...
222 86 Rn → 218 84 Po +a The a-particles from a given radionuclide all have discrete energies cor- responding to the decay of th ...
16 2. Radioactive Decay Fig. 2.3. A typical energy spectrum of the b−-particles of^32 P. Fig. 2.4. Decay scheme of^131 I. Eighty ...
an isomeric state. This is true for all b−-,b+-, or electron capture decays that are followed by g-ray emission. Some examples o ...
greater than 1.02 MeV. In b+-decay, essentially a proton is converted to a neutron plus a positron, thus, decreasing the atomic ...
Electron Capture Decay by electron capture (EC) is an alternative to the b+-decay for pro- tonrich radionuclides with N/Zlower t ...
the transition of an electron from the next upper shell, in which case the difference in energy between the two shells appears a ...
3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 21 Radioactive Decay Equations General Equation As mentioned in Chapter 2, radionuclides decay b ...
A=lN (3.2) From a knowledge of the decay constant and radioactivity of a radionu- clide, one can calculate the total number of a ...
by t1/2and is unique for a radionuclide. It is related to the decay constant l of a radionuclide by (3.5) From the definition of ...
atomic weight Aand Avogadro’s number 6.02 × 1023 atoms per g·atom as follows: (3.7) When two or more radionuclides are present i ...
The stripping method can be applied to more than two components in the similar manner. Mean Life Another relevant quantity of a ...
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