Analytical Chemistry

very heavy nuclei (A > 238) spontaneous fission becomes an important mode of decay. In this process, complete fission of the ...

An α-particle will have a discrete energy, characteristic of the emitting nucleide, whence α-spectra have sharp peaks. Negatron ...

balance reveals a discrepancy which can be accounted for if the emission of a further particle – the neutrino, v is postulated. ...

Figure 10.4 Decay scheme for^60 Co. step decay where the daughter nuclide is stable, the rate of decay (disintegrations s–^1 ) i ...

processes with identical efficiencies. Calibration of instruments using suitable standards is thus the normal approach to practi ...

Figure 10.5 Growth and decay of a radionuclide (T = t1/2). 10.2— Instrumentation and Measurement of Radioactivity In all except ...

Radiation Detectors Three main types of detector are in widespread use, namely, gas ionization, scintillation and semiconductor. ...

Figure 10.8 Characteristic curve for a gas ionization detector. An important feature of all gas ionization detectors is their de ...

Figure 10.9 Layout of a radio-gas chromatograph. satisfactory operation a gas stream of argon containing 5% carbon dioxide as 'q ...

Solid scintillators include materials such as sodium iodide, lithium iodide, anthracene, naphthalene and 'loaded' polymers. Sodi ...

Figure 10.11 γ-Ray spectrum for^60 Co.^ (a) Sodium iodide detector. (b) Germanium semiconductor detector. (Courtesy of G.A. Well ...

Figure 10.12 Typical primary and secondary scintillators. (a) Primary; 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO). (b) Secondary; 1,4-bis- 2 - ( ...

this problem. In addition, background currents result from the presence of impurity carriers (n-type or p-type) within the cryst ...

The excellent, high-resolution γ- and X-ray spectra which can be obtained from semiconductor detectors make the detectors very i ...

as to distinguish between radiation of different energies. The single channel principle can be extended to circuits in which the ...

mission densitometry may be used to relate the density of 'fogging' to the amount of analyte present. The autoradiograph may als ...

Radioisotope Dilution Methods An important group of analytical methods is based on measurements of the change in isotopic ratio ...

specific binding proteins (γ-globulins) which exhibit only a limited reactivity with other immunogens even if they are closely s ...

Figure 10.16 The principle of radioimmunoassay. In this example charcoal is used to adsorb the unbound compound and the amount o ...

Figure 10.17 (a) A typical cyclic GMP standard curve: C 0 = activity bound in the absence of unlabelled cyclic GMP;^ Cx = activi ...