Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization

Solar Electricity BACKGROUND OF PHOTOVOLTAICS A diagram of a p-n junction photovoltaic (PV) solar cell is shown in Figure 66. Th ...

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Energy (eV) Flux (mA/eV.cm 2 ) AM1.5G solar flux vs energy 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 ...

Cost of PV Electricity The cost of PV electricity is determined from solar cell conversion efficiency together with areal cost o ...

Table 1 Worldwide PV Module Production in 2003 by Technology Type Technology Type MW % Flat plates – single-crystal silicon 230. ...

Non-ingot-based Technologies. Silicon ribbon or sheet technologies avoid the costs and material losses associated with slicing i ...

Amorphous Silicon. From its discovery in the early 1970s, hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a- Si:H) has stimulated a large worldw ...

Copper Indium Diselenide. From virtual obscurity as a semiconductor material, CIS solar cells have seen remarkable progress in e ...

Table 2 Are There Enough Materials for Energy-significant PV Production? Technology Material World Production (MT/yr)a Materials ...

Concentrators The key elements of a concentrator PV system are low-cost concentrating optics, low-cost mounting and tracking sys ...

passivating window and back-surface-field layers on either sides of the p-n junctions, and contacting layers to ensure low resis ...

Organic and Nanotechnology Solar Cells Organic semiconductors hold promise as building blocks for organic electronics, displays, ...

R.R. King, C.M. Fetzer, K.M. Edmondson, D.C. Law, P.C. Coulter, H.L. Cotal, R.A. Sherif, H. Yoon, D.D. Krut, G.S. Kinsey, J.H. E ...

Solar Fuels There are currently two solar fuels technologies in use for which performance and economic assessments are possible. ...

currently accounting for only a small proportion of the supply curve. This is changing and in many respects, the biomass industr ...

(3) Resource inventories (which can be performed through remote sensing supported by statistical means from so-called ground tru ...

Anaerobic Digestion One gasification process that has reached widespread application is the use of biogas, a mixture of methane ...

hydrolysis of the hemicellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining lignocellulose complex (Aden et al. 2002). Us ...

Electrolysis is the process for breaking water into its constituent elements of hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) gas by supplyi ...

At the PEM system electrodes, this reaction scheme breaks up into two half-reactions: Cathode PEM Hydrogen Production 2 H+ + 2e− ...

alkaline electrolyzers require a mixing tank for KOH, which the polymer electrolyzers do not. In the comparison of hydrogen prod ...