70 For example, Alexander Wendt, ‘Why a world state is inevitable’, European Journal of
International Relations, (9) 4, 2003, pp. 491–542; compare also the discussion in Kenneth
N. Waltz, Man, the State and War(New York: Columbia University Press, 1959, ch. VI),
Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood(Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1995).
71 Waltz, Man, the State and War, ch. VI.
72 Waltz, ‘The continuity of international politics’, pp. 350–53.
73 Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 126.
74 Compare MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, http://www.mipt.org/(accessed 13
August 2008, this version of the website no longer accessible).
75 Federation of American Scientist, ‘Patterns of global terrorism, 1989–2000’, http://www.
fas.org (accessed 2 February 2005, this version of the website no longer accessible).
76 Sevket Pamuk, ‘Estimating economic growth in the Middle East since 1820’, The Journal
of Economic History, (66) 3, 2006, pp. 809–28; Yochanan Shackmurove, ‘Economic
development in the Middle East’, Penn Institute for Economic Research, University of
Pennsylvania, PIER Working Paper 04-022.
77 World Bank, ‘World development report 2008: agriculture for development in the
21 stcentury’, http://www.worldbank.org/wdr2008(accessed 10 October 2008) and
‘How the Arabs compare: Arab human development report 2002’, Middle East Quarterly,
(IX) 4, 2002, http://www.meforum.org/article/513(accessed 10 October 2008).
78 Gregory Gause III, ‘Systemic approaches to Middle East international relations’,
International Studies Review, (1) 1, 2002, pp. 11–31.
79 Johan Galtung, ‘A structural theory of imperialism’, Journal of Peace Research,(8) 2, 1971,
pp. 81–117; see also John Ikenberry and Charles Kupchan, ‘Socialization and hegemonic
power’, International Organization,(44) 3, 1990, pp. 283–316.
80 This has historically not always been the case, compare Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), pp. 14–17.
81 Sometimes states themselves engage in terrorism, which is actually an under-researched
phenomenon; compare Richard Jackson, ‘The study of political terror after September
11, 2001: problems, challenges and future directions’, Political Studies Review, (7) 2, 2009,
pp. 171–84.
82 Compare Beyer, Violent Globalisms, pp. 81–83.
83 Quan Li and Drew Schaub, ‘Economic globalisation and transnational terrorism’, Journal
of Conflict Resolution, (48) 2, 3004, pp. 230–58; Brian Burgoon, ‘On welfare and terror’,
Journal of Conflict Resolution, (50) 2, 2006, pp. 176–203; Brock Blomberg, Gregory D.
Hess and Akila Weerapana ‘An economic model of terrorism’, Conflict Management and
Peace Science, (21) 1, 2004, pp. 17–28; Jason Franks, ‘The root causes of terrorism and
how to address them’, in Cornelia Beyer and Michael Bauer (eds) Effectively Countering
Terrorism: The Challenges of Prevention, Preparedness and Response(Eastbourne: Sussex
Academic Press, 2009), pp. 55–78.
84 Beyer, Violent Globalisms, pp. 59–62. Compare also Simon Murden, Islam, the Middle
East, and the New Global Hegemony(Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002).
85 Beyer, Violent Globalisms, ch. 5.
86 Beyer, Violent Globalisms, ch. 5.
87 Martha Crenshaw, ‘The causes of terrorism’, Comparative Politics, (13) 4, 1981,
pp. 379–99, p. 387.
88 Ivan Eland, ‘Does U.S. intervention overseas breed terrorism? The historical record’,
Cato Foreign Policy Briefing, No. 50, 1998.
89 Compare for a discussion of China’s oil trade with ‘rogue states’ Henry Lee and Dan
Shalmon, ‘Searching for oil: China’s oil initiatives in the Middle East’, Harvard
University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Working Paper, No. RWP07-017,
2007.
248 Hegemony, equilibrium and counterpower