A64 INDEX
Clean Water Act, 73
clear and present danger test, 99
Clear Channel Communications, 146, 151
climate change, 8, 74, 242, 343
see also global warming
Clinton, Bill, 142, 263, 287, 297, 316, 334,
371, 443
approval ratings of, 309, 316
budget of, 460
civil rights and, 414–15
divided government faced by, 305
federalism and, 71
foreign policy of, 297, 482, 485
Gore’s relationship with, 313
health care reform goal of, 460
judges appointed by, 300, 369, 370,
372
Kyoto Protocol and, 303
in 1992 election, 199–200
pardons granted by, 305
veto used by, 305, 375
welfare reforms and, 460
Clinton, Hillary, 183, 192, 217, 476
cloning, 79, 459
closed primary, 178, 194
closed rules, 286
cloture, 12, 284
Club for Growth, 170
CNN, 11, 147
Coast Guard, U.S., 7, 476
transferred to Homeland Security,
343–44, 349
coattails, electoral, 215
coercion, 234
”coercive federalism,” 56
Colbert Report, The, 147
Cold Harbor, Va., Battle of, 36
Cold War, 472–74, 487
collective action problems, 8, 13
collusion, 374
Colorado, 372
gay rights in, 410
Columbine High School, 78
commerce, 9, 59, 107, 257
Articles of Confederation problems with,
26–27
congressional authority over, 38, 60,
63–64, 65, 65, 66–67, 77–78, 77,
79, 107
as Constitutional Convention issue, 30,
33, 35–36, 35, 37
state authority over, 65
commerce clause, 49, 56
Commerce Department, U.S., 335, 338
commercial speech, 103, 103, 108
Commission on Presidential Debates, 206
common law, 362
Common Sense (Paine), 26, 28
Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS), 59
Communications Act (1934), 150
Communications Decency Act (1996), 104
communism, 488
Community Development Block Grants, 70
Compassionate Use Act (Calif.; 1996), 81
competitive federalism, 75
compromise:
in Constitutional Convention, 30–36, 43
diffi culty of, 4, 5, 9, 11
forms of, 33–36
necessity of, 11, 14
slavery and, 295
Compromise of 1850, 295, 392
concentration, in news media, 151–52
Concord Coalition, 434
concurrent powers, 58, 59
concurring opinions, 378
Confederacy, 36, 64
confederal government, 58–59
confederations, 6, 59, 60
as interest group structure, 232
conference, 171
conference committees, 277
confl ict, 3–4, 9–11, 10
in Constitutional Convention, 25–30
constitutional interpretation as cause
of, 78
between courts and other branches, 356
cultural values as source of, 14, 81
economic interests as source of, 14
ethnicity as source of, 16
expansion of, 83
federalism as source of, 30, 62, 75–79, 81
in foreign policy issues, 469, 472, 480,
487–88, 489
gender as source of, 16
in lobbying groups, 248–49
between presidents and Congress, 296,
302, 318
public opinion diff erences as cause of, 11
race as source of, 16
religion as source of, 14
separation of powers as source of, 62,
63–64
social policy as source of, 452, 453–55,
457, 462
between state and national laws, 359–60
Congress, U.S., 47, 48–49, 64, 141–42, 148, 165,
181, 182, 185, 255–88, 255, 317–19,
318, 356, 477–78
advertising for, 263
allocation of power to, 8, 28, 33, 35–36,
35, 38–40, 47, 48, 60, 63, 65, 65,
66–67, 70, 72, 75, 77–78, 77, 78, 81,
91, 97, 114, 429, 477
amendments passed by, 367
approval ratings of, 258
Articles of Confederation structure of,
26, 28
bailout bill of 2008 passed by, 445–47
bicameralism of, 257
Bill of Rights creation in, 37–38, 94
bureaucracy and, 324, 326, 327, 329–31,
334, 344–45, 348, 431
cases on appeal and, 373
caucuses and conferences in, 171, 173
civil liberties and, 113
civil rights legislation of, 399, 400, 402,
411–14; see also specifi c acts
commerce clause and, 56
committee system in, 277–79, 278, 280,
281, 284
compromises in, 255–56
constituency of, 260–62constituency service in, 194, 263, 270–71
constitutional amendments and, 43, 44,
45, 61
constitutional interpretation by, 47,
67, 367
convening and adjourning of, 306
creation of laws in, 40, 63, 66, 73, 75, 76,
78, 84, 97–98, 99, 99, 104, 107, 109,
111, 112, 113, 115
credit claiming in, 263
cynicism about, 266–67
descriptive representation in, 258–59
developing party agendas and, 181
economic policy and role of, 429–31,
443–44, 445–47, 477, 478
election to, 268–71
electoral connection and, 262–63
electoral process and, 33, 194–96, 199
enumerated powers of, 55
environmental regulations passed by, 444
exclusive powers of, 38–40, 47
executive orders and, 301–2
executive privilege and, 307, 308
fear of tyranny of, 358
fl oor debates in, 280
fundraising in, 269, 276
global warming and, 144
health care reform and, 457, 458
high reelection of incumbents in,
202, 268
home style in, 268
immigration laws and, 419
immigration reform in, 144
impeachment process in, 41, 306,
318, 337
incumbency advantage in, 268–71
interest groups and lobbying of, 233,
233, 235, 236, 236, 237, 241, 446,
478, 480
judicial branch and, 41, 78, 99, 114,
359–61
laws passed by, 89
legislative vetoes by, 287
line item veto and, 375
logrolling of, 271
majorities in, 11, 12, 143, 182, 215
media and, 267
oversight by, 287, 337, 344–45
parties in, 272–74
party ideological diff erences and
polarization in, 172–73, 172
party unity in, 274, 275
party votes in, 274, 275
pay in, 43–44, 45
permanent campaign of members in,
202, 202
political parties in coordinating actions
of government and, 181
position taking in, 263
power of the purse and, 429
presidential approval and, 310
president overridden by, 294
president’s relationship with, 258, 280,
285, 294, 295, 297, 310
public opinion and, 141–42, 144–45
reciprocity in, 271
reelection to, 263