INDEX A67goals of, 434–36, 447
government regulation and impact on,
444–45
monetary theories and polices in,
440–44, 452
presidential role in, 153, 429, 431–32
Economic Stimulus Act (2008), 431
economic stimulus package, 11, 73, 309,
431, 439
economy, 59, 60, 67, 70, 71, 78, 142, 143
regulation of, 295
slavery and, 392
education, 9, 11, 13, 16, 58, 62, 67, 72, 73, 75, 78,
80, 82, 332, 355, 365, 367
Barack Obama’s reform of, 433
civil liberties and, 100, 105, 112
confl ictual issues related to, 14
desegregation of, see school
desegregation
government and, 9, 13, 57, 62, 67, 72, 75,
78, 80, 106, 256, 433, 461
G. W. Bush’s reform of, 433, 461
ideolog y and, 14
No Child Left Behind Act and, 297, 334,
433, 461
political affi liation and, 176
political infl uence of, 130, 131, 132, 134
race and, 16, 72
Race to the Top program and, 433, 461
sex discrimination in, 408, 410
social policies on, 433, 450, 461
state diff erences in, 75, 82
Education Amendments (1972), Title IX of,
408, 410, 412–13
Education Department, U.S., 9, 335, 461
number of employees in, 338
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the
Senate, 273
Eg ypt, 304, 487
Eighteenth Amendment, 43, 45
Eighth Amendment, 47, 48, 94, 96, 97, 110,
115–16
Eisenhower, Dwight, 296, 313, 414
elastic clause, see necessary and proper clause
elderly people:
civil rights of, 392, 413
growing population of, 453
poverty rates of, 451, 451, 452
election cycle, 200
Election Day, 194, 212
electioneering, 243–46
elections, U.S., 13, 176–80, 191–223
of 1800, 98
of 1824, 199
of 1828, 331
of 1860, 393
of 1916, 296
of 1932, 167, 296
of 1952, 202
of 1968, 202
of 1976, 202, 474
of 1980, 202, 297, 334, 474
of 1992, 199–200
of 1998, 419
of 2000, 182–84, 184, 196, 356
of 2002, 208
of 2004, 100, 371, 419
of 2006, 143, 145, 185, 210, 215, 305, 312,
342, 419, 480
of 2008, 11–12, 132, 145, 175, 180,
183, 184, 185, 195, 196, 202, 203,
204, 209, 210, 217, 244, 245, 268,
342, 397
of 2010, 161, 182, 183, 185, 206, 207, 210,
223, 244, 263, 268, 272, 276, 276,
310, 448
of 2012, 10, 17, 18, 174 , 176, 17 7, 179, 183,
191, 196, 203, 206, 207, 208, 208,
210, 355, 425
accountability of incumbents and
political parties enforced by,
185, 193
Articles of Confederation and, 26
campaign advertising in, 206–7, 207,
209, 212, 243, 245
campaign assistance provided by
political parties in, 179, 208
campaign fi nancing in, 179, 180, 207–12,
208, 209, 210, 243–46, 245
campaign platforms and, 204–5
campaign platforms in, 204–5
campaigns in, 200–212
campaign strategies and tactics in,
203–4
confl ict and, 191
confrontation of opponents in, 205–6
to Congress, 268–71
congressional districts and
constituencies in, 194
Constitutional Convention and, 33, 35
Constitution and, 197
cultural values in, 14
fundraising for, 179, 180, 202, 210
high reelection of incumbents and low
turnover in congressional, 202,
210, 215–16, 268
importance of, 28, 297
indirect, 28
infl uence on everyday life of, 9–10
infl uence on political process of,
9, 11–12, 297
Internet and, 204
for judges, 367
laws concerning, 73
media and, 148, 149, 192, 204, 206
national conventions in, 196, 197–98
national power over, 73
normal vs. nationalized, 214–16
party identifi cations of electorate and,
173 –75, 174 , 175
permanent campaigning of incumbents
and, 202–3, 202
polls and, 136
presidential, 196–200
primary and caucus stage in, 176–77,
178, 196–97
process of, 193–200
proportional representation and its
possible eff ects on, 217
public opinion and, 127, 145
recruiting and nominating candidates
in, 196–98
rules and requirements of, 193–94,
196–97, 197, 397spending in, 99–100, 209–12, 210, 211,
243–46
states’ role in, 33, 59, 62, 73
voter turnout in, 81, 212–13, 214
voting cues in shaping citizen’s choice
in, 213–14
voting methods and ballot counting in,
195
voting requirements in, 194
electoral college, 45, 61, 198
establishment of, 33, 35
problems with, 33
electoral connection, 262–63
electoral vote, 198, 217
electoral votes, 199–200, 199, 200
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(1965), 461
Eleventh Amendment, 44, 55, 56, 61, 65, 77
Ellis Island, 372
Emancipation Proclamation, 295
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
(2008), 447
employment, 16, 45, 76
discrimination in, 405, 406, 412, 414,
416, 418
drugs and, 107, 112
full, as economic policy goal, 434, 447
motivations for, 339
in selected federal organizations,
337, 338
social policies for stimulation of, 449
see also labor laws; workplace issues
Employment Act (1946), 434
Employment Non-Discrimination Act, 414
endangered species, protection of, 361
Endangered Species Act (1973), 114, 184, 363
endorsements, 192
energ y, 11, 256, 297, 428
Energ y Department, U.S., 335, 338
Engle v. Vitale, 105
English as offi cial language, 16, 17, 418, 419
entitlement programs, 456
enumerated powers, 47
environment, environmentalism, 9, 14, 17,
45, 58, 73, 74, 80, 83, 100, 114, 142,
242, 402
Hudson River and, 349
regulations for protection of, 74, 349,
444–45, 446, 446
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 338
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC), 406, 410, 412
gender discrimination and, 413
equality, 91
civil rights and, 391–92
constitutional importance of, 29
economic, 14, 29, 30, 82
gender, 76, 78
political, 34–36, 45, 95
racial, 34–36, 72, 74, 95
see also voting rights
equal protection, 66, 76, 78, 91, 95, 391,
410, 420
affi rmative action and, 417
blacks and, 393, 404
women and, 396, 407–10
Equal Rights Amendment, 413