A76 INDEX
President, U.S., 48
allocation of power to, 8, 28, 32–33, 37,
40–42, 47, 298, 316–17
appointments made by, 298–300, 337,
341, 342, 359, 368–72, 369, 371, 415
approval ratings of, 130, 309, 309,
310, 316
bureaucracy and, 330, 331–32, 334,
343, 345
citizenship requirement of, 12, 197
civil rights and, 296, 394, 414–15
as commander in chief, 302–3, 317
Congress’s relationship with, 258,
280, 285
constitutional authority of, 297
constitutional requirements of
candidates for, 197
creation of legislation by, 72
economic and budgetary power of, 429,
431–32, 443
election of, 196–200
executive orders issued by, 301–2
executive privilege of, 306–8
foreign policy and central role of, 475,
477, 478, 482
gauging popularity of, 315–16
going public of, 310–11
as head of executive branch,
298–308, 311
as head of government, 298
as head of state, 298
interpretation of Constitution by, 42, 367
job description of, 297–311
laws implemented by, 298
legislative power of, 304–5
other duties and powers of, 306
as party leader, 309–10
persuasion power of, 317
as politician, 308–11
powers of, 300, 301
signing statement of, 317
social policy formation and role of,
428, 432
statutory authority of, 297–98
term limits on, 45
treaty making and foreign policy of,
303–4
unilateral action of, 317–18
unitary executive theory and,
317–18, 319
U.S. public and, 315–16, 315
war powers of, 40, 41, 60, 302–3, 317
see also executive branch
presidential power, 295
assessment of, 294, 316–18
limits of, 296, 297, 316–17
War Powers Resolution and, 302–3
presidential succession, 311, 313
presidential system (presidential republic), 6
prices:
regulations on, 444
stabilization of, as economic policy goal,
434–35
primary elections, 176–77, 178, 205, 214, 217
delegate allocation in, 196, 198
federal funding in, 209
nomination in, 193–94
of 2008, 196
2010 Alaska—Republican, 183, 195
2010 Delaware—Republican, 183
prime time, 146
priming, 152, 153
principal-agent game, 330–31
principles, political, 127–28
Printz v. United States, 77
prior restraint, 101–2
prisons, 107
privacy, 379
privacy rights, 96, 111, 116–19
privatization, 455
privileges and immunities clause, 61–62
probable cause, 111, 112
problem of control, bureaucracy and,
330–31
procedures, infl uence on political process of,
9, 12
procurement, 328
product safety, 9, 14
Progressive era, 67, 332–33
progressive price indexing, 454
progressive taxes, 439, 440
Prohibition, 43, 45, 45
propaganda, 37
property rights, 9, 29–30, 59, 65, 65, 94,
114, 436
proportional allocation, 196
proportionality, punishment, 116
Proposition 8, 411
protection, standards for, 98
protectionism, 396
protests, 27, 98, 99, 99, 100, 129, 129, 149,
242, 243
prohibition of, 89–90
Public Citizen, 231, 236, 241
public goods, 8
public health, 91, 92
public interest groups, 232
Public Interest Research Group, 234
public opinion:
abortion and, 11, 14, 16–17, 129, 129
accuracy of, 138
biological factors on, 130
characteristics of, 139–45
civil liberties and, 92
confl ict based in, 11
consensus of, 141
considerations and, 129
Constitution and, 47–48
courts and, 367
crime and, 114
early studies of, 130
economic conditions and, 130, 143, 217
on federal bureaucracy, 330
fl uidity of, 127, 128, 130, 138, 142,
142, 143
foreign policy and, 16, 480–81, 487, 488
on gays in military, 133
government and, 11, 74
gun control and, 110
ideolog y and, 17, 139–40
infl uences on, 14, 16–17, 37, 128–32, 138,
142–44, 142, 480–81Iraq War and, 143, 144–45, 152, 215, 217,
480, 481, 488
latency of, 128
lobbying and mobilization of, 243
lobbying success aff ected by, 248
measuring of, 127, 135–38
media’s infl uence on, 145
political infl uence of, 11, 47–48, 74, 98,
128, 132, 134, 140–42, 144–45, 243,
428, 480–81
president and, 315–16, 315
presidential approval and, 309, 309, 310
quality of, 126
on same-sex marriage, 125, 126
spending and, 337
Supreme Court and, 378, 380, 382
theories of, 127–29
voting cues and, 213–14, 215
public policy, defi nition of, 427
public safety, 91, 92, 111, 112
Public Works Administration (PWA), 449
publishing, 101, 102–4
Puerto Ricans, Puerto Rico, 364, 395
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 332
purposive benefi ts, 234Qaddafi , Muammar, 347
quotas, 416, 418race:
census data on, 17
hate speech and, 100–101, 100
juries and, 115
political confl ict as a result of, 16, 34–36
political equality and, 34–36
political infl uence of, 16, 16, 129, 134
public opinion and, 129, 134
redistricting cases and, 377
relationship of voting patterns to, 16
Supreme Court decisions concerning,
66–67, 66, 72–73
”race to the bottom,” 75, 82, 83
Race to the Top program, 433, 461
racial discrimination, 100, 100, 101,
396–97, 413
in election of 2008, 397
in employment, 405
racial profi ling, 389, 389, 399, 419
racial redistricting, 377, 405–6
radio networks, 146, 150, 151
corporate ownership of, 151, 152
FCC regulations and, 150, 151
knowledge levels in listeners of, 147
online sites for, 148
talk programs on, 146
railroad trust, 295–96
Randolph, Edmund, 32
random digit dialing, 136
rational basis test, 407, 408
Rayburn, Sam, 275
Reagan, Ronald, 41, 71, 109, 142, 143, 443
approval ratings and popularity of,
297, 309
bureaucracy and, 334
economic policies of, 437, 439
foreign policy of, 297