Audio Engineering

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Audio Principles John Watkinson 1.1 The Physics of Sound ....................................................................... ...

4 Chapter 1 Despite the fact that a gas contains endlessly colliding molecules, a small mass or particle of gas can have stable ...

Audio Principles 5 is inversely proportional to the frequency. It is easy to remember that the wavelength of 1000 Hz is a foot ( ...

6 Chapter 1 1.4 Sound and the Ear .............................................................................................. ...

Audio Principles 7 of the original disturbance are inaudible to us and are said to be masked. If our goal is the highest quality ...

8 Chapter 1 4 kHz. Sound vibrates the eardrum or tympanic membrane, which seals the outer ear from the middle ear. The inner ear ...

Audio Principles 9 joint. As the area of the tympanic membrane is greater than that of the oval window, there is further multipl ...

10 Chapter 1 are conducted to the brain by the auditory nerve. Some of these signals refl ect the time domain, particularly duri ...

Audio Principles 11 Nerve fi rings are not a perfect analog of the basilar membrane motion. On continuous tones, a nerve fi ring ...

12 Chapter 1 Figure 1.7 : Having two spaced ears is cool. (a) Off-center sounds result in a phase difference. (b) The distant ea ...

Audio Principles 13 frequencies does sound become directional enough for the head to shade the distant ear, causing what is call ...

14 Chapter 1 the sound source. The larger the source, the longer the pressure–equalization time. Only after this does the freque ...

Audio Principles 15 The generally accepted frequency range for high-quality audio is 20 to 20,000 Hz, although an upper limit of ...

16 Chapter 1 A further consequence of level-dependent hearing response is that recordings that are mixed at an excessively high ...

Audio Principles 17 The term used in psychoacoustics to describe the fi nite width of the vibration envelope iscritical bandwidt ...

18 Chapter 1 resolution measured in the width of a critical band, it follows that it must have fi nite time resolution. This als ...

Audio Principles 19 Microphones have no such ability, which is why acoustic treatment is often needed in areas where microphones ...

20 Chapter 1 When the frequency discrimination is too wide to distinguish the two tones as shown in Figure 1.14(c) , the result ...

Audio Principles 21 The result is that the harmonic structure [ Figure 1.15(c) ] has changed, and with it the timbre. Clearly a ...