Audio Engineering

462 Chapter 15 The process of shifting and adding could be programmed in a series of program steps and executed by a microproces ...

Representation of Audio Signals 463 The second technique is called dither , which will be covered fully later. Consider, for the ...

464 Chapter 15 is thus a rather poor way of handling the restricted output word width. A slightly better approach is to round up ...

Representation of Audio Signals 465 (b)  0.1 2 0 0.1 2 1.0 2 t Figure 15.14(b) : The addition of two uncorrelated RPDF sequenc ...

466 Chapter 15 When such a fader is moved, any music signal being processed at the time is subjected to stepwise changes in leve ...

Representation of Audio Signals 467 as high a precision as possible for as long as possible. Each time that the audio signal has ...

468 Chapter 15 (a) 4.0 Height (metres) Spring tide High water Sample number Value 1 1.55 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 12345 Time interval 678 ...

Representation of Audio Signals 469 contribution that each height makes to the average each time we calculate the average of a 4 ...

470 Chapter 15 frequencies forces the number of stages to be very high. You can appreciate this through recognizing that the FIR ...

Representation of Audio Signals 471 We have drawn examples of digital fi ltering without explicit reference to their use in digi ...

472 Chapter 15 requires more rigor in its approach and practice. Figure 15.17 shows examples of simple forms of fi rst- and seco ...

Representation of Audio Signals 473  Delay X(n) Y(n) a 2 a 1 (a) Figure 15.17(a) : The equivalent of the analogue fi rst-order ...

474 Chapter 15 Delay z^1 Delay z^2     X(n) Y(n) a 1 b 1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3 Gain dB g dB 0 dB Q fQ f s Frequency (c) Figure ...

Representation of Audio Signals 475 values for the coeffi cients whose value will determine the characteristics of a fi lter. Th ...

476 Chapter 15 15.9 Other Binary Operations .................................................................................... ...

Representation of Audio Signals 477 combined with the incoming logic signal. Feedback is usually arranged to come from earlier s ...

478 Chapter 15 background noise will average out, leaving a “ cleaner ” sequence of sample values that describe the impulse resp ...

Representation of Audio Signals 479 (a) Amplitude Time Figure 15.20 : (a) In the time domain the process of sampling is like one ...

dB 5K 10K 20K Fs 2 Fs 3 Fs Frequency H 3 (a) Figure 15.21 : (a) The frequency domain view of the sampling operation requires us ...

Representation of Audio Signals 481 imperfections of the switch mean that there can be signifi cant energy leaking from the swit ...