province; autonomous 44 BCE; again a province of Rome from 72 CE. Prosperous and
densely populated; ravaged by Goths 276– 277 CE; Diocletian 297 CE divided the province
into western (“Rough”) and eastern (“Plain”), the latter further divided ca 400 CE, with
capitals at Tarsos and Anazarbos; declined after 6th c. ODB 462 – 463, C.F.W. Foss; OCD3
330 – 331, G.E. Bean and St. Mitchell; BNP 3 (2003) 329–331, H. Täuber and A. Berger.
Sites: Anazarbos, Kastabala, Mallos, Seleukeia, Soloi, Tarsos, Tuana.
People: A, S, Z.
Kios ⇒ Prousias
Kition (mod. Larnaka; 34 ̊ 55 ’ N, 33 ̊ 38 ’ E): port town on south-west coast of Cyprus with
a natural harbor, founded ca 1500 BCE by Mycenaeans, a center of Phoenician trade from
the 9th c., and under Phoenician hegemony from 479 to 312 BCE, when ceded to Ptolemy I.
PECS 456 – 458, K. Nicolaou; BAGRW 72-D3; BNP 3 (2003) 368–369, R. Senff.
A, A, Z.
Klazomenai (mod. Kilizman; 38 ̊ 22 ’ N, 26 ̊ 53 ’ E): island joined to mainland on the south
shore of the Gulf of Smurna. Ionian settlers colonized the mainland but moved to the
island ca 500 BCE. Under Persian control until allied with Athens in the 5th c. BCE, sur-
rendered to Persia 386 BCE, freed by Alexander of Macedon, granted immunity by Rome
188 BCE. PECS 458, G.E. Bean; OCD3 343, Idem and S. Sherwin-White; BAGRW 56-D5;
BNP 3 (2003) 411–412, K. Ziegler and H. Engelmann.
A, A (?), A.
Knidos (new) (mod. Tekir; 36 ̊ 41 ’ N, 27 ̊ 22 ’ E): the inhabitants of Knidos (old) moved in
360 BCE to a better site at the tip of the peninsula. Under Ptolemaic control in 3rd c. BCE;
under Rhodes in 2nd c. BCE. PECS 459, I. Love; OCD3 354, J.M. Cook and S. Sherwin-
White. BAGRW 61-E4; BNP 3 (2003) 489–490, H. Kaletsch.
A, A (?), A, D, K (II),
S.
Knidos (old) (mod. Datça; 36 ̊ 45 ’ N, 27 ̊ 40 ’ E): Dorian foundation in Karia, on long
peninsula in Gulf of Ko ̄s, south-east of Halikarnassos, perhaps a colony of Sparta;
yielded to the Persians after 546. Allied with Athens in the 5th c. BCE, but supported
Sparta after 413. Famous for a medical school, fine wine, and Praxitele ̄s’ statue of Aphrodite.
See Knidos (new); BAGRW 61-F4.
E, E, H, K (I), K.
Kno ̄sos/Kno ̄ssos (mod. Makruteikhos; 35 ̊ 18 ’ N, 25 ̊ 10 ’ E): flourishing Greek town in
the 9th–6th centuries BCE, then again in the 4th c. Resisted Rome, but after 27 BCE, a
colonia, receiving settlers probably from Capua. PECS 459 – 460, K. Branigan; OCD3 354,
L.F. Nixon and S.R.F. Price; BAGRW 60-D2; BNP 7 (2005) 73–74, H. Sonnabend.
A, K, M.
Kolopho ̄n (mod. Degirmendere; 38 ̊ 07 ’ N, 27 ̊ 08 ’ E): fertile coastal site, good port,
famous for horses. Under Lydians, then Persians, until Alexander of Macedon. Resisted
L who deported inhabitants to Ephesos; they returned after his death (281
BCE), but the town did not fully recover; resisted Antiokhos III’s circumvallation (Livy
37.26.5–8, 28.4, 31.3). PECS 233, W.L. MacDonald; BAGRW 61-E1; BNP 3 (2003) 578– 579
(#1), K. Ziegler.
D, D, H, N, X.
Ko ̄s (mod. Ko ̄s; 36 ̊ 51 ’ N, 27 ̊ 14 ’ E): south-east Aegean island, on shipping routes from the
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