B, s.v., refer to a Khalkis of Thrake ̄, no such site has been found, and
M. Zahrnt, Olynth und die Chalkidier [1971] 253 argues that it never existed.)
E, K.
Khalkis ad Belum (Syria) (mod. Qinnesrin; 36 ̊ 00 ’ N, 37 ̊ 00 ’ E): founded in Seleukid
times on a site formerly (and now) known as “eagle’s nest,” east of the Orontes valley, and
east on the road from Antioch, north-east on the road from Apameia (cf. Syria). Base
for the revolt of Diodotos Trupho ̄n 145 BCE (D S, Book 33, fr.4a); rav-
aged by the Sasanian king Shapur I, 252 CE; well-known in Byzantine times. RE 3.2 (1899)
2090 – 2091 (#14), I. Benzinger; ODB 406, M.M. Mango; BAGRW 68-C2.
I.
Kharax “Spasinou” (mod. Abadan; 30 ̊ 21 ’ N, 48 ̊ 17 ’ E): at the head of the Persian gulf,
founded by Alexander of Macedon as Alexandria, destroyed by floods, and rebuilt by
Antiokhos IV (175– 164 BCE) as Antioch. Under Seleukid rule, then semi-autonomous but
under Nabataean influence, after 106 CE under Parthian hegemony, significant center of
land and maritime Arab trade. PECS 60, D.N. Wilber; BAGRW 93-D3; BNP 3 (2003) 191,
J. Oelsner. (Contrast the Kharax near Apameia in Syria, and Kharax in the Crimea.)
I.
% Khersone ̄sos: besides the city (next), several homonymous sites and regions could also
be Arkhelaos’ home: (A) city and region on the north shore of the Black Sea (3 km west of
mod. Sebastopol; 44 ̊ 36 ’ N, 33 ̊ 29 ’ E), (re)founded 421 BCE by He ̄rakleia Pontike ̄; allied
with M VI, ca 115 BCE; independent until the 3rd c. CE (PECS 221 – 222,
M.L. Bernhard and Z. Sztetyłło; OCD3 320 – 321, D.C. Braund; BAGRW 23-G4; BNP 3
[2003] 214–215 [#3], I. von Bredow et al.): for the peninsula on which this city was sited, see
213 – 214 (#2), I. von Bredow; (B) the peninsula adjacent to the Hellespont (OCD3 320,
E.N. Borza; BAGRW 51-G/H4; BNP 3 [2003] 213 [#1], I. von Bredow): including the
sites Elaious and Kardia; (C) peninsular region of south-west Karia, BAGRW 61-G4,
probably under Ptolemaic control in the era of Arkhelaos.
A.
Khersone ̄sos (mod. Khersonisos 26 km east of Iraklion; 35 ̊ 18 ’ N, 25 ̊ 22 ’ E): city of
Crete, autonomous in the 4th–3rd centuries BCE; allied with Kno ̄ssos in the 3rd c.; allied
with Pergamon in 183 BCE. RE 3.2 (1899) 2251–2252 (#4), L. Bürchner; PECS 221,
D.J. Blackman; BAGRW 60-D2.
P.
Khios (mod. Khios; 38 ̊ 24 ’ N, 26 ̊ 01 ’ E): piney eastern Aegean island, wealthy commercial
and industrial center. Colonized from Euboia in the 9th c. BCE, supported eastern powers in
the 6th c. BCE, allied with Athens from 477 BCE. From 412 BCE allied with Sparta; in the
4th c. BCE allied with Athens, then under Mausso ̄llos. Largely independent after Alexander
of Macedon, pro-Roman from 190 BCE, captured by Sulla for Rome in 86 BCE, a ciuitas
libera until Vespasian. PECS 715 – 716, G.B. Montanari; OCD3 323, D.G.J. Shipley; BAGRW
56-C5; BNP 3 (2003) 232, H. Kaletsch.
A, A, E, G, H, H,
H (?), I, M, O, S.
Khoren ⇒ Xoren
Kilikia: possibly Semitic native population, ruled by the Seleukids from Antioch in the
3rd c. BCE; accused of piracy in the 2nd c. BCE. Taken by Rome 102 BCE and made a
GAZETTEER