commercial interests. Revolted from Sparta 395, allied with Athens 378 – 357 BCE, after
which under Mausso ̄llos. Allied with Alexander of Macedon; then resisted Deme ̄trios
Poliorke ̄te ̄s’ siege 305– 304 BCE (the colossus of their patron god He ̄lios was built in thanks,
early 3rd c. BCE). Major sea-power in the 3rd c. BCE (cf. De ̄los); survived the earthquake
of 226 BCE, which destroyed the colossus. Cooperated with Rome against Philip V and
Antiokhos III, for which service acquired territory in Karia and Lukia (188 BCE). But
Rome declared De ̄los a “free port” 166 BCE, thus ending Rhodes’ leading role in trade;
and alliance with Rome 164 ended Rhodes’ political independence. Rhodes, nonetheless,
remained a prosperous cultural center, where C studied, and Tiberius spent his self-
imposed exile. PECS 755 – 758, R.E. Wycherley; OCD3 1315 – 1316, C.B. Mee and E.E. Rice;
BAGRW 60-G3; NP 10.996–998, H. Sonnabend. Cf. Lindos.
A (?), A, A (?), A (?), A,
B, D, D, E, E, E, G (?),
H, K, K, P, P, S,
T.
Rhodiapolis (10 km north of mod. Kumluca; 36 ̊ 22 ’ N, 30 ̊ 18 ’ E): city in south-east
Lukia founded from Rhodes in the 4th c. BCE; in Lukian federation from 167 BCE. PECS
758, G.E. Bean; OCD3 894 – 895, St. Mitchell, and 1069, A.H.M. Jones and St. Mitchell;
BAGRW 65-D5; NP 10.994, A. Thomsen.
H.
Rome (mod. Roma; 41 ̊ 54 ’ N, 12 ̊ 30 ’ E): city-state originally built on seven hills in the valley
of the Tiber, the largest river in central Italy, with an easy crossing at Tiber island and
navigable down to the sea. Settled from ca 1400 BCE, developed in the 6th c. BCE under
influence from Etruria, adapting Etruscan building and hydraulic engineering. Methodic-
ally took control of Italy; central Italy and Etruria from the 4th c. BCE, and most of the
Greek cities of south Italy being subjected 270– 212 BCE. Revolts of the early 1st c. BCE
in Italy resulted in extensions of Roman citizenship throughout Italy. Imperial capital
from 30 BCE, and thus a center of intellectual practice; Christian center from ca 100 CE.
Roman citizenship granted to all free citizens of the empire in 212 CE; Diocletian/Maximian
moved the imperial capital to Mediolanum 293 CE, after which Rome declined. Sacked
in the second Gothic invasion under Alaric 410 CE. PECS 763 – 771, E. Nash; OCD3
1322 – 1327, T.J. Cornell, 1327–1331, G.P. Burton, 1331–1334, F.F. Matthews, 1334–1335,
I.A. Richmond et al.; BAGRW 44-B2; 10.1050–1077, W. Eder.
A, A, A, E, H, C (?), A,
M (?), P (?), V (?).
Rudiae (south-west of mod. Lecce; 40 ̊ 21 ’ N, 18 ̊ 10 ’ E): Messapian city prosperous in
the 5th–3rd cc. BCE; a municipium under Rome. PECS 774, F.G. LoPorto; OCD3 1337,
H.K. Lomas; BAGRW 45-H4; NP 10.1149, M. Lombardo.
E.
Saïs (mod. Sa el-Hag ̆ar; 30 ̊ 58 ’ N, 30 ̊ 46 ’ E): city of Egypt in the western Delta of the
Nile, west of Sebennutos and east of Naukratis, capital of the 24th dynasty (ca 730 BCE)
and 26th dynasty (672– 525 BCE). In S’s time (17.1.18) again an important city; a
Christian bishopric from ca 325 CE. BAGRW 74-D3; NP 10.1234, K. Jansen-Winkeln.
P. H 27 (?), P.
Salamis (north-west of mod. Ammokhostos; 35 ̊ 11 ’ N, 33 ̊ 54 ’ E): old city on east coast of
Cyprus, seat of the governor under the Ptolemies, and the second city of the island under
Rome. The Jewish revolt (“Kitos” War) in 115– 117 CE destroyed Salamis (cf. Alexandria,
GAZETTEER