and allied with, Athens in the 5th c. BCE. Member of the island-league centered at De ̄los
(q.v.). PECS 874, M.G. Picozzi; BAGRW 60-A5; NP 11.1187, A. Külzer.
P.
Syracuse ⇒ Surakousai
Syria: approximately corresponding to modern Lebanon plus coastal Syria (the ancient
borders were unstable), and sometimes including areas of Phoenicia; taken by Alexander of
Macedon 333/332 BCE, and a core area of the Seleukid Empire, the coastal cities being
disputed with the Ptolemaic Empire, until taken by Pompey for Rome 64 BCE. The cities
were Hellenized, but the rural areas remained Aramaic-speaking. Enlarged by the absorp-
tion of client kingdoms, then divided into two provinces by Septimius Seuerus (194 CE), and
into four by Diocletian. Afflicted by the Palmyrene revolt (260– 273 CE), attacks by Sasani-
ans, the plague, earthquakes, and Christian conflicts. OCD3 1464 – 1465, A.H.M. Jones et al.;
BAGRW 68 and 69; NP 11.1170–1181, H. Klengel and E.M. Ruprechtsberger.
Sites: Amida, Antioch, Apameia, Arados, Be ̄rutos, Bublos, Constantia,
Damaskos, Edessa, Emesa, Gabala, Gadara, Gaza, Gerasa, Khalkis,
Larissa, Nisibis, Resˇaina, Samaria, Seleukeia Pieria, Sido ̄n, Tyre.
People: I (G.).
Tanagra (mod. Tanagra; 38 ̊ 19 ’ N, 22 ̊ 32 ’ E): town in Boio ̄tia on the Asopos river, west of
Eleusis and east of Boio ̄tian The ̄bai; occupied by Sparta 386 to ca 373 BCE; under
Rome 145 BCE, which made Tanagra a ciuitas libera et immunis, after which prosperous.
PECS 876 – 877, P. Roesch; OCD3 1472 – 1473, J. Buckler; BAGRW 59-B1; NP 12/1.6–7,
M. Fell.
B.
Taras/Tarentum (mod. Taranto; 40 ̊ 28 ’ N, 17 ̊ 14 ’ E): Apulian town, colonized by
Sparta in the 8th c. BCE; became prominent in the 5th c. as Kroto ̄n declined; fell to
Rome after P’ defeat, becoming an ally 270 BCE; revolted 213– 209 BCE under
Hannibal. PECS 878 – 880, W.D.E. Coulson; OCD3 1473 – 1474, H.K. Lomas; BAGRW 45-F4;
NP 12/1.20–22, A. Muggia.
A, A, A, E (?), G, H
(2), I, K, Z, Z.
Tarsos (mod. Tarsos; 36 ̊ 55 ’ N, 34 ̊ 54 ’ E): near Soloi (Kilikia), capital of the Kilikian
kings, the Persian satraps, and the Roman province of Cilicia (from 72 CE); under Antiokhos
IV (175– 163 BCE) renamed Antioch on the Kudnos; a commercial hub known for its linen,
a philosophical center, the birthplace of the Christian epistolographer Paul; and the base for
Caracalla’s Parthian war (216 CE). PECS 883 – 884, M. Gough; OCD3 1476, A.H.M. Jones
and St. Mitchell; BAGRW 66-F3; NP 12/1.37–38, Fr. Hild. (Contrast the Roman-period
town Tarsos of Bithunia, BAGRW 52-G3.)
A, A, A, A, A, A (?),
A, D, D, L (?), M, P, S.
Tauromenion (mod. Taormina; 37 ̊ 51 ’ N, 15 ̊ 17 ’ E): coastal city in eastern Sicily, north
of Katane ̄; established by Himilko ̄n of Carthage in 396/5 BCE on a site already Hellen-
ized; refounded in 392 as a Greek city; supported P; dominated by Surakousai;
submitted to Rome when H II died. PECS 886 – 887, M. Bell; OCD3 1477, A.G.
Woodhead and R.J.A. Wilson; BAGRW 47-G3; NP 12/1.57–58, M.C. Lentini and
K. Meister.
GAZETTEER