generally included the Thrakian Khersone ̄sos. Greeks considered Thrakians primitive
and colonized coastal areas; but natives resisted Hellenization and apparently lived in vil-
lages until the Roman period. Subdued by Persia ca 516 BCE; allied with Athens against
Macedon 429 BCE. Invaded by Philip II of Macedon 346 and 342 BCE; ruled by Alexander
of Macedon, after whose death acquired by L who founded Lusimakheia
308 BCE, after which under Macedon until 168 BCE. Under ever-increasing influence by
Rome 149 BCE to 46 CE, when it became a province. Hardly urbanized; frequently raided
from the north, esp. from the 4th c. CE. ODB 2079 – 2080, T.E. Gregory; OCD3 1514 – 1515,
J.M.R. Cormack and J.J. Wilkes; NP 12/1.478–485, I. von Bredow and J. Niehoff.
Sites: Abde ̄ra, Abudos, Mende ̄, Elaious, Kardia, Stageira.
People: M.
Tingentera (mod. Algeciras; 36 ̊ 08 ’N, 05 ̊ 27 ’W): small coastal city, opposite the Pillars
of He ̄rakle ̄s (Gibraltar), east of Gade ̄s; founded by colonists from Mauretania, perhaps
Tingis (mod. Tangiers, 35 ̊ 46 ’N, 05 ̊ 48 ’W), south-west across the strait. RE 6A.2 (1937)
1383 – 1384, A. Schulten; BAGRW 26-E5.
P M.
Tlo ̄s (mod. Yaka east of Düver; 36 ̊ 33 ’ N, 29 ̊ 26 ’ E): ancient and major city of Lukia on
the east bank of the Xanthos river, north of Patara and south of Oinoanda. In the
Lukian League from 168 BCE, with a democratic constitution; by ca 100 BCE one of the six
leading cities of the federation (A E in S 14.3.3); the best-
known city of Lukia, according to P 5.101. PECS 927, G.E. Bean; BAGRW 65-B4; NP
12/1.637, W. Hailer.
A.
Tours ⇒ Caesarodunum
Tralleis (mod. Aydın; 37 ̊ 51 ’ N, 27 ̊ 51 ’ E): prosperous city in Ludia on north bank
of Maiandros river valley; under Mausso ̄llos in the mid-4th c.; under the Seleukids called
Seleukeia; renamed Caesarea by A who restored the city after an earthquake;
flourished into late antiquity, a hub of monophysite activity; monumental aqueduct built
in the 4th c. PECS 931, G.E. Bean; ODB 2103 – 2104, C.F.W. Foss; OCD3 1544 – 1545,
W.M. Calder et al.; BAGRW 61-F2; NP 12/1.750–751, H. Kaletsch.
A, A, A P, A, I, M,
P, P, S, T.
Transpadana: the region north of the Padus (Po) river, inhabited by Celts; the whole
valley was conquered by Rome 222 – 218 and colonized 191– 187 BCE; Transpadana itself
remained inhabited mainly by Celts. Granted citizenship by C in 49 BCE, by which
time it had become a prosperous region (S 5.1.12). OCD3 1546, anon.; NP
12/1.756, A. Sartori.
Sites: Mantua, Mediolanum, Nouum Comum, Verona.
People: C N, P S.
Trapezous (mod. Trabzon; 41 ̊ 00 ’ N, 39 ̊ 44 ’ E): on south-east coast of Black Sea, founded
as a trading-post in 756 BCE by (and east of) Sino ̄pe ̄. Annexed by Rome in 64 CE as a
free city. As the nearest Black Sea port to the upper Euphrates river, its importance grew
under Hadrian who improved the harbor. Sacked by Goths in 256 CE, but persisted as a
garrison and then grew in early Byzantine times. PECS 932, D.R. Wilson; OCD3 1547,
T.R.S. Broughton and St. Mitchell; BAGRW 87-E4; NP 12/1.763–764, E. Olshausen.
GAZETTEER