469
of photographic techniques and equipment, the number
of amateurs grew considerably.
The later 1890s were generally prosperous, but there
remained few patentable mass-market inventions, so
profi t margins were low and manufactures fought price
wars. The professional portrait trade was saturated with
cartes and cabinet cards, and now also competed with
postcards and home snapshot portraiture. The popular
press was one of the signal infl uences of this time, serv-
ing more widely enfranchised and educated population.
Inexpensive illustrated papers and periodicals were
made possible by the new photomechanical processes,
which afforded cheap, good-quality reproductions.
Photography fi nally appeared to have come of age.
Technically reliable, in the hands of professionals,
sustained by rapidly expanding methods of circulation,
it had, within the space of fi ve decades, conquered the
principal fi elds of human activity.
Elisa CanossaSee also: Markets, Photographic; Patents: Europe
and the United Kingdom; Patents: United States; and
Photography as a Profession.Further Reading
Bajac, Quentin, The Invention of Photography. The First Fifty
Years. London: Thames & Hudson (2002).
Gernsheim, Helmut, The Rise of Photography 1850–1880:
The Age of Collodion. London: Thames and Hudson Inc.
(1988).
Hamber, Anthony J., A Higher Branch of t he Art: Photograph-
ing the Fine Arts in England, 1839–1880. United Kingdom:
Gordon and Breach (1996).
Kenyon, Dave, Inside Amateur Photography. London: Batsford
Ltd (1992).
McCauley, Elizabeth Anne, Industrial madness: commercial
photography in Paris, 1848–1871. New Haven London: Yale
University Press (1994).
Patterson, Jerry E., “The photography boom” in ARTnews, April
1976, 58–66.
Pritchard, H. Baden, The Photographic Studios of Europe. Lon-
don: Piper & Carter (1882).
Pritchard, Michael, A Directory of London Photographers
1841–1908. Watford, Hertfordshire (1994).
Welling, William, Photography in America: the formative years
1839-1900. New York: Crowell (1978).EDER, JOSEPH MARIA (1855–1944)
Austrian technologist, scientist, photo-historian, and
teacher
Eder, Joseph Maria was born on March 16, 1855 in
Krems on the Donau. He was the son of Karolina from
the Borudzkis Polish. Eder was an. He studied natural
science at Vienna University, and later at Technischen
Hochschule. In 1879 he received his PhD degree, and
became an assistant professor in 1887, a professor in1892, and then became a professor at the department
of photochemistry and scientifi c photography in 1902.
From 1882–1924 Eder was a professor of chemistry and
physics at a high school (Gewerbeschule) in Vienna.
Eder was the founder of and from 1888 to1923, the
director of Lehranstalt für photographie and reproduk-
tionsverfahren, which is called today Höhere Graph.
Bundes-Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, in Vienna. He di-
rected studies on photometry and x-ray photography.
Under his management the School became the
most respectable centre of research within the scien-
tifi c photography in the world. During his studies he
and V. Toth, working with elementary components of
chemistry, invented prussian blue, intensifying lead and
ferrizyaniden for colour. About 1879 he was worked
together with G. Pizzighelli on activity of chlorosilver
gelatine: Die Photographie mit Chlorosilber-Gelatine
und chemischer Entwicklung, nebst e. prakt. Anleitung
zur raschen Herstellung von Diapositiven, Stereoskop-
bild. Fensterbild., Duplikatnegativen, Vergroesserungen,
Copien auf Papier etc. Wien 1881. The production of
sensitive paper and positive fi lm used in cinema was
available because of these two industrial inventions.
J.M. Eder was also interested in sensistometry (Eder-
Hecht Wedge in 1919), but prior to the introduction of
the DIN speed rating system, it was used in Europe as
a component of a standard sensistometer, Eder and Sch-
neider sensistometr, Optical sensynsybilation, method
to defi ne panchromatic Eder and Hecht. Chemical and
physical developing process—pyrocatechol developer
and ferrioxalate. Sensibility properties of erythrosine
(1884). His great scientifi c accomplishment appeared
in more than 21 books and 11 articles published mainly
by Wilhelm Knapp in Halle am Saale 1878–1932.
The book with the largest infl uence on the world of
photography have been: Ausfuhrliches Handbuch der
Photographie. This compilation went through three
editions: 1882–1888 in Halle (13 issues in 8 volumes),
1891–1899 with new material and issues (17 issues in
15 volumes), 1905–1932 another elaboration (18 issues
in 11 volumes). The second edition in 1891 was began
with Geschichte der Photochemie und Photographie
von Alterthume bis der Gegenwart, which was a fun-
damental necessity for the explorers of photography in
1891.This book was published again in 1905 as Ges-
chichte der Photographie and was three times larger
than the fi rst edition. In 1913 a less known Geschichte
der Photographie in Bildern and Quellenschriften zu
den fruehesten Anfaengen der Photographie bis zum- Jahrhundert, was published. Eder was the editor of
Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproduktionstechnik
für das Jahr... Halle 1892–1914 and Jahrbuch... und
Reproduktionsverfahren fuer Jahre 1915–1920. In those
periodicals he was talking about the scientifi c research
in the world of photography. From 1888 he was assistant
EDER, JOSEPH MARIA
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