Islam : A Short History

226. Index

Rushdie fotwah, 175
Russia, 107, 116
in Iran, 148

Sadat, Anwar al-, 170
Saddam Hussein, 151
Sadra, Mulla, 122, 175
Safavid Empire, 115, 116, 11 7-24,
129, 130
Safaviyyah order, 109
Salah ad-Din, Yusuf ibn Ayyiib
(Saladin), 93, 95,179
Samarkand, 83
Timur builds court at, 106
Samarra, 63, 68
Sanusiayyah movement, 136
Sassanids, 27, 30, 54, 56
Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), 175, 176,
178
Sartre, Jean-Paul, xi
Saudi Arabia, 161-62, 175
SAVAK, 159
Sawad, 34, 54, 85
Second World War, 156
Selim I, Sultan, 11 8, 130
Selim III, Sultan, 137
Seljuk Empire, 81, 85-87, 95, 96
Serbia, 109-10
Seveners. seelsmailis
Seville, 105
Shafii madhhak 65
Shafii, Muhammad Idris al-, 59-60,
61,92
Shariah law, 58-62, 64, 84
under Seljuks, 86, 88,96
under Mongols, 100
closing of gates of ijtihad, 103, 123,
152; 104, 116, 125, 128, 129
exalted under Suleiman, 132-33
call for replacement by secular
code, 149
call for reform, 153

replaced with civil system by

Pahlavis, 159

in Pakistan, 162-63; 175, 184

Shii Muslims, 36,43, 45, 46,48,49,

52, 54, 56-57

rebellions, 61, 62, 63; 65, 66

and Imamate, 68, 72, 73; 81, 103,

104, 109

dominant under Safavids, 116,117,

118-23

massacred by Ottomans, 130; 134,

158

suppressed by Pahlavis, 160

and Iranian Revolution, 173-75; see

also Ismailis and Twelvers

Siddiqui, Dr.Kalim, 176

Siffin, 34

Sikhs, 125, 128

Sind, 32

Sinan Pasha, 132

Sirhindi, Ahmad, 127-29

Six-Day War (1967), 171

Solomon, 8

Sorush, Abdolkarim, 184-85

Soviet Union, 149

Spain, 50, 62

Umayyad caliphate collapses, 83;

105

Sudan, 148,160

Suez Canal, 147,149,151,155

Sufism, 74—76, 83, 85, 86, 87

popularized, 88-92; 101,102, 103,

104,108,110

dominant under Moghuls, 116,

117

promoted by Akbar, 125

under Ottomans, 134

suppressed by Arariirk, 158

drunken sufis, 75,101

Neo-Sufis, 136

sober sufis, 75

Suhayl ibn Amr, 12