12 For fuller discussion of these rites of passage, see R. Pandey, Hindu Sam.ska ̄ ras
(Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1969).
13 See the discussion, for example, by Vasudha Narayanan in “The Hindu
Tradition” in W. Oxtoby, ed., World Religions: Eastern Religions(New York:
Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 94–104.
14 Ibid.: 98.
15 Ibid.
16 Basham, op. cit., p. 166.
17 Ibid.: 167.
18 Ibid.: 168.
19 Clothey, op. cit., p. 35.
20 Thapar, op. cit., p. 152.
21 George Kliger, ed., “Bharata Na ̄t.yam: History, Cultural Heritage and Current
Practice” in G. Kliger, ed., Bharata Na ̄t.yam in Cultural Perspective(New Delhi:
Manohar, 1993), p. 5.
22 David Kopf, “Dancing ‘Virgin,’ Sexual Slave, Divine Courtesan in Celestial
Dances: In Search of the Historic Devada ̄sı ̄” in Kliger, ed., 1993, p. 172.
23 Ibid.: 172.
24 Kliger, op. cit., p. 5.
25 Kopf, op. cit., p. 172.
26 S ́atapatha Bra ̄ hman.a6.6.3.11, as cited and translated in W. Doniger and B.
Smith, Trs. The Laws of Manu(London: Penguin Books, 1991), p. xxvi.
27 Narayanan, 2001, pp. 84ff.
28 For more extended discussion of yoga, see M. Eliade, Yoga: Immortality and
Freedom(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973).
29 See Robert Goldman, general ed., The Ra ̄ma ̄yan.a of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient
India(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984) for an introduction and
translation of the epic.
30 A. K. Ramanujan, “Three Hundred Ra ̄ma ̄yan.as” (paper delivered at a
conference in February, 1987), pp. 14ff. This paper was eventually published in
Paula Richman, ed., Many Ra ̄ma ̄yan.as: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition South
Asia(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991).
31 Ramanujan, 1987, p. 19.
32 Basham, op. cit., p. 417.
33 Cited by Thomas Coburn, Encountering the Goddess(Albany: State University of
New York Press, 1991), p. 17.
34 Adya Rangacarya, Tr., Na ̄t.yasa ̄stra(Bangalore: Ibh Prakashara, nd.), chapter VII.
35 Basham, op. cit., p. 417.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.: 385.
38 Ibid. 383.
39 Rangacarya, op. cit., p. xi.
40 P. V. Kane, History of the Dharmas ́a ̄stras. Vol. V. (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute, 1930–62), p. 186. Kane speculated that this practice had
started by at least the fourth century CE.
41 Basham, op. cit., p. 336; Kane, op. cit., p. 165.
42 Derek O. Codrick, “Buffalo” in Margaret A. Mills, Peter Claus, and Sarah
Diamond, eds, South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia(New York and London:
Routledge, 2003), p. 85.
43 Vasudha Narayanan, “Navara ̄ tri” in Mills et al.,op. cit., p. 443.
264 Notes