44 Kane, op. cit., pp. 164–65, citing the Ka ̄ likapura ̄n.a’s references to these practices.
45 Basham, op. cit., p. 316.
46 Clothey, op. cit., p. 34.
47 Basham, op. cit., p. 319.
48 Ibid.
49 Clothey, op. cit., p. 52.
50 See descriptions in the early Tamil literature as cited by Clothey, op. cit., pp. 26f.
51 John D. Smith, “Maha ̄bha ̄ rata” in Mills, et al.,op. cit., p. 366.
52 Alf Hiltebeitel, “Draupadı ̄” in Mills et al., p. 166.
53 Basham, op. cit., p. 264.
54 R. Robinson and W. Johnson, The Buddhist Religion(Belmont, CA: Dickenson
Publishing Co., 1977), p. 83.
55 Ibid.: 95.
56 These are the dates suggested by Aloka Parasher Sen, pp. 289–90.
5 The Post-classical Period
1 For fuller description of the period, see A. K. Ramanujan, The Interior Landscape
(Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1969).
2 Ibid.: “Afterword”.
3 Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India(Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 1980), pp. 83ff.
4 A. K. Ramanujan, Hymns for the Drowning(New York: Penguin Books, 1993),
p. 108, translating Namma ̄l ̄va ̄r 7.4.1. Ramanujan offers a useful discussion of the
bhaktiexperience.
5 Ramanujan, 1993, p. 117.
6 Ramanujan, 1993, p. 169, translating Namma ̄l
̄va ̄r 7.9.1.
7 Ramanujan, 1993, pp. 118–19, translating Tiruva ̄ cakamIV. 59–70.
8 Arjun Appadurai, “Kings, Sects and Temples in South India, 1350–1700 AD” in
B. Stein, ed., South Indian Temples(New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978),
pp. 52ff.
9 Paul Younger, The Home of Dancing S ́ivan(New York: Oxford University Press,
1995), p. 74.
10 Ibid.: 181.
11 For further discussion of these ta ̄ lapura ̄n.as, see David Shulman, Tamil Temple
Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian S ́aiva Tradition(Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1980).
12 R. Nagaraj of the Folk Studies Center of the University of Hyderabad in
conversation.
13 Shulman, 1980, pp. 158ff.
14 A. K. Ramanujan, Speaking of S ́iva(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1973).
15 A. L. Basham, The Wonder that was India(New York: Grove Press), p. 314.
16 Based on conversations with several scholars of Kerala’s history.
17 For fuller discussion of the history of S ́a ̄sta ̄ , see F. W. Clothey, “S ́a ̄sta ̄ -Aiyan ̄a ̄r-
Aiyyappan ̄” in Clothey, ed., Images of Man(Madras: New Era Publications, 1982),
pp. 34–71.
18 For further discussion, see V. A. Devasenapati, Of Human Bondage and Divine
Grace(Annamalai: Annamalai University Press, 1963).
Notes 265