38 Frykenberg, op. cit., p. 138.
39 See N. Jairazbhoy, “Music” in A.L. Basham, 1975, pp. 221–22.
40 I am indebted to Prof. R. L. Hangloo, Dept. of History of the University of
Hyderabad and especially to his article, cited above (1997), pp. 91–111, for this
discussion. A version of this article was eventually published as chapter two in his
volumeThe State in Medieval Kashmir(New Delhi: Manohar, 2000).
41 Hangloo, 1997, p. 50.
42 Hawley and Juergensmeyer, op. cit., pp. 70ff.
43 As translated by McLeod and cited by Ainslee T. Embree, Sources of Indian
Tradition. Vol. 1. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), p. 505.
44 For extended discussion of the history of Sikhism, see Kushwant Singh, A History
of the Sikhs. Two volumes (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1977).
45 Ibid.: 54.
46 Ibid.: 60.
47 Ibid.: 83ff.
48 Ibid.: 168ff.
49 Ibid.: 49.
8 Streams from the “West” and their Aftermath
1 Romila Thapar, A History of India. I (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1966),
pp. 102ff.
2 This and subsequent discussion of “Cochin Jews” is derived in large measure
from that of F. Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Vol. II (Delhi: Asian
Educational Services, 1993), pp. 460–88.
3 Adam Shear in conversation.
4 Thurston, op. cit., p. 484.
5 These observations are the result of conversations with the author by members
of the Bene Israel community.
6 This and subsequent discussion of Syrian Christians is derived from Julius
Richter,A History of Missions in India(New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1908),
pp. 33ff. and from Thurston, op. cit., VI, pp. 408ff.
7 Thurston, op. cit., pp. 415ff.
8 Ibid.: 427.
9 Mary Boyce,Zoroastrians, their Religious Beliefs and Practices(London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 11. I am indebted to Boyce’s book for much of this
discussion on Zoroastrianism.
10 Ibid.: 166.
11 Much of this discussion on Pa ̄rsı ̄s in Mumbai is derived from A Guide to the
Zoroastrian Religion: A Nineteenth Century Catechism with Modern Commentary. Eds
and Trs. by F. M. Katwal and J. W. Boyd (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982),
pp. xi–xiv.
12 On the Portuguese in India, see, for example, J. B. Harrison, “The Portuguese”
in A. L. Basham, ed., A Cultural History of India(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975),
pp. 337–47.
13 See Bror Tiliander, Christian and Hindu Terminology: A Study of their Mutual
Relations with Special Reference to the Tamil Area(Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksell
Tryckeri, 1974).
Notes 269