4 Michael Aung-Thwin, Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma(Honolulu: University
of Hawaii Press, 1985), p. 34.
5 Mannikka, op. cit., pp. 24–25.
6 Jean Filliozat, “The Role of the S ́aiva ̄gamas in the Saiva Ritual System” in
F. W. Clothey and J. B. Long, eds, Experiencing S ́iva(Delhi: Manohar Books,
1983), pp. 81–86.
7 Paul Wheatley, The City as Symbol(London: H. K. Lewis, 1969), p. 32, fn. 34.
8 Frank Heidemann, Kanganies in Sri Lanka and Malaysia(München: Anacon,
1992), pp. 110ff.
9 Colin Clarke, Ceri Peach, and Steven Vertovec, “Introduction: Themes in the
Study of the Indian Diaspora” in Clarke, Peach, Vertovec, eds, South Asians
Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1990), p. 8.
10 Sucked Oranges: The Indian Poor in Malaysia(Kuala Lumpur: Iusan, 1989),
pp. 2–20.
11 This description is based on the author’s own research and on studies by E. F.
Collins,Pierced by Murukan
̄
’s Lance(DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University
Press, 1997).
12 Much of the following discussion of contacts in classical times is derived from
H. A. Rawlinson, “Early Contacts Between India and Europe” in A. L. Basham,
ed.,The Cultural History of India(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), pp. 425–43.
13 Ibid.: 426.
14 Ibid.: 429.
15 Ibid.: 435–36.
16 Ibid.: 436.
17 Much of the following is condensed from F. Wilhelm and H. G. Rawlinson,
“India and the Modern West” in Basham, 1975, pp. 470–86.
18 Ibid.: 470.
19 Ibid.: 471–72.
20 Ibid.: 473.
21 Ibid.: 474.
22 Ibid.: 473.
23 Guy Welbon, The Buddhist Nirvana and its Western Interpreters(Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1968).
24 Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes(New York: Praeger Publishers,
1972), pp. 23–24.
25 P. Trout, Eastern Seeds, Western Soil: Three Gurus in America(Mountain View, CA:
Mayfield, 2001), pp. 62–63.
26 Ibid.: 64.
27 Ibid.: 62–63.
28 This discussion is derived from Trout, op. cit., pp. 109–46.
29 This discussion is derived from Trout, op. cit., pp. 147–76.
30 See Robert Ellwood’s Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973 and 1988).
31 For further discussion of the experience of these early migrants in the
northwest, see Roger Daniels, Indian Immigration to the United States(New York:
The Asia Society, 1989), pp. 7–25.
32 Raymond Williams, Religions of Immigrants from India and Pakistan(Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 71–72.
Notes 273