The Economist January 15th 2022 19
United StatesLawenforcementRefunding the police
I
n the daysafter George Floyd was mur
dered by a Minneapolis police officer in
May 2020, protesters took to the streets
across America. They urged cities to “de
fund the police”, and politicians listened.
Eric Garcetti, the mayor of Los Angeles,
called for his department’s budget to be cut
by up to $150m. London Breed, San Francis
co’s mayor, announced that she would “re
direct funding from the sfpdto support
the AfricanAmerican community”. City
councils in Oakland and Portland, Oregon,
among other cities across America, ap
proved budgets that cut police funding.
That trend has reversed. Portland and
Oakland increased police funding to hire
more officers. The Los Angeles Police De
partment’s budget will get a 12% boost. Last
month Ms Breed vowed to “take steps to be
more aggressive with law enforcement”
and “less tolerant of all the bullshit that has
destroyed our city”. Why such a stark rever
sal, and what does it mean for the future of
criminaljustice reform?
The first question is easy to answer.
Though crime overall did not rise during
the pandemic, the type people fear most—
murders and shootings—did, and thesurge has not abated. Over three decades
from 1990, America’s homicide rate fell
steeply (see chart on next page). From
to 2020, however, the rate had its highest
ever yearonyear rise, of nearly 30%, fol
lowed by a further rise in 2021. More than
threequarters of the murders were com
mitted with guns. In Oakland, 133 people
were murdered in 2021, more than in any
year since 2006, and almost 600 more were
shot but not killed. Portland was one of at
least 16 American cities that set alltime
homicide records last year.
The cause of this leap in violent crime is
unclear. It probably stems from a combina
tion of factors: soaring gun sales; financialstress; fewer bystanders and witnesses;
pandemicdriven closure of schools, com
munity centres and other institutions that
gave young people things to do and a place
to go; thinned police ranks caused by co
vid; and police being less proactive in the
wake of widespread protests.
The murder spike has left reform
minded elected officials in an awkward po
sition. But cities’ decision to back away
from reducing police budgets is not purely
political. No evidence suggests a relation
ship between the size of a police force and
the number of people its officers kill; am
ple evidence suggests that bigger and bet
terfunded forces tend to reduce violent
crime. Murders can rise or fall for reasons
outside police control, but if a city wants to
drive down its murder rate, hiring more of
ficers seems a reasonable place to start.
That does not mean any hope of crimi
naljustice reform is dead. David Muham
mad, who heads the National Institute for
Criminal Justice Reform, a research and
advocacy group, says the current environ
ment requires “more nuanced ways in
which we explain the need for criminal
justice reform”. Many people in highcrime
neighbourhoods reject defunding, and call
for more but bettertrained police who
spend more time solving serious crimes.
The slogan “defund the police” is also po
litically toxic. Joe Biden opposed it. Lots of
Democrats blame it for nearly costing
them their narrow congressional major
ities in 2020.
Yet the policies that reformists advo
cate are often popular. Criminaljustice reN EW YORK
As murders and shootings spike, liberal cities rethink cutting police budgets→Alsointhissection
20 Diplomacyminusdiplomats
21 Biden’sjudges
21 Schoolclosures
24 Deadlyfires
25 Austinv SanFrancisco
26 Lexington: A failing presidency