20 United States TheEconomistJanuary15th 2022
form is one of the few policy areas in which
the centre is actually holding in America.
Some 45 states, conservative and liberal
alike, have seen their prison populations
decline in recent years. The First Step Act,
intended to reduce the federal prison pop
ulation and improve outcomes for in
mates, was one of Donald Trump’s few leg
islative achievements.
In a Vox/Data for Progress poll taken
last April, 63% of voters, including 43% of
Republicans, supported redirecting some
police funding to create a new agency of
firstresponders “to deal with issues relat
ed to addiction or mental illness”. Banning
chokeholds, requiring bodyworn cam
eras, ending qualified immunity (a judicial
doctrine that impedes holding police ac
countable for misconduct) and banning
noknock warrants also received majority
support. In the same poll, 63% of respon
dents also said they trusted the police.
“The problem with the defundthepolice
movement is that it felt punitive,” notes
Aaron Chalfin, a criminologist at the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania.
Plenty of officers will happily admit
that they are not trained to respond to
mentalhealth crises. They have simply be
come society’s default first responders to
any problem not requiring an ambulance
or fire truck. And, as Mr Muhammad says,
“Police don’t sign up to get kittens out of
trees. Officers say they want to focus on se
rious and violent crimes.” Around half the
officers in every department are in patrol
units, meaning they respond to calls for
things such as home or car alarms, noise
complaints and people in distress.
Not all of these require armed officers.
Cities including Denver and Olympia,
Washington have launched programmes
that replace police with trained mental
health responders in some situations. But
determining which ones those are in ad
vance is all but impossible. When tragedy
strikes, reform’s opponents will pounce.
The greater the incidence, and the fear, of
violent crime, the more plausible the anti
reform case becomes.
Still, reformers are digging in. New
Yorkers elected Eric Adams as their mayor
after he distinguished himself from his
Democratic rivals by running a strong pub
licsafety campaign, but they also elected
Alvin Bragg, a staunch progressive, as Man
hattan’s district attorney (Mr Adams’s po
lice commissioner has already taken issue
with Mr Bragg’s plans to seek prison time
for only a few serious offences). Last No
vember Larry Krasner, a pugnacious re
formist district attorney in Philadelphia,
thumped his policeunionbacked rival in
the Democratic primary and his Republi
can opponent in the election—even as his
city set an alltime homicide record.
America’s five biggest cities by popula
tion all have progressive district attorneys,asdomanysmallerplaces.MrKrasneresti
matesthatmorethanonefifthofAmeri
ca’spopulationlivesinjurisdictionswith
chiefprosecutorswhothinklikehim.But
allfiveofthosebigcitiesincreasedpolice
funding.Althoughvotersthereopposean
excessivelypunitivecriminaljusticesys
temandsupportbettertrainedandmore
accountablepoliceforces,theyalsowant
fewerpeopleshotandkilled.nA lethal leap
United States, murders per 100,000 peopleSource: AH Datalytics *Based on provisional data10
9 8 7 6 5 421*ForeignpolicyDiplomacy minus
diplomats
A
merica’s campaignto avert a Russian
invasion of Ukraine intensified this
week, as American and Russian officials
met: first bilaterally, then collectively with
natoand at the Organisation for Security
and Cooperation in Europe. For all his be
lief in the power of “relentless diplomacy”,
however, President Joe Biden’s team
is worryingly short of senior diplomats. He
still has no ambassadors in important
European capitals such as Berlin, London
and Rome. Strikingly, there is no envoy in
Ukraine—and has not been since 2019,
when Donald Trump removed Marie Yova
novitch amid a scandal that led to his first
impeachment (he was accused of illegally
exerting pressure on Ukraine to find dirt
on Mr Biden and his son, Hunter).
The dysfunction that hampers Ameri
ca’s dealings with the world comes just
when Mr Biden wants to tighten alliances
to counterbalance rivals. Trouble is brew
ing in the Middle East as nuclear talks with
Iran falter. Yet America has no ambassa
dors to any of its major Gulf allies: Saudi
Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qa
tar. In Asia, where the contest with China
looms largest, there are no envoys in India,the Philippines and Thailand. And though
it deploys tens of thousands of troops in
South Korea, America does not have an am
bassador there either.
In Washington the State Department
has no assistant secretaries for the Near
East, for international security and non
proliferation, or for arms control. Nor is
there a counterterrorism coordinator or a
legal adviser. The post of inspectorgener
al, an internal watchdog, has been vacant
since Mr Trump fired Steve Linick in 2020.
“This is a huge problem,” Antony Blin
ken, America’s secretary of state, warned
on December 14th. “On virtually every chal
lenge we face, including dealing with Rus
sia, with China, with nonstate actors,
we’re hampered by the fact that we don’t
have our full nationalsecurity and for
eignpolicy team on the field.” More than
30 nominees were confirmed in an endof
year spurt last month, among them big hit
ters such as Nicholas Burns as ambassador
to China, Rahm Emanuel to Japan and
Mark Gitenstein to the European Union.
Even so, Mr Biden still has 68 empty am
bassadorial positions out of a total 190.
All presidents struggle to fill their ad
ministrations. They bring in their train
some 4,000 political appointees, of whom
about 1,200 must be confirmed by the Sen
ate. On nominations overall, Mr Biden is
roughly keeping up with predecessors
such as George W. Bush and Barack Obama,
according to data from the Partnership for
Public Service (pps), a nonprofit group. Yet
that is a slothful pace, with only about
people named to the 800 most important
jobs. In terms of confirming officials in
their jobs, though, he is scarcely doing bet
ter than the chaotic Mr Trump.
Having the largest number of posts re
quiring Senate confirmation, the State De
partment suffers disproportionately. Mr
Biden has yet to submit names for about
onequarter of ambassadors. The bigger
problem is obstructionism by RepublicanWASHINGTON, DC
More than one-third of America’s
ambassadors are missingBlinken, we have a problem